European Association for the Study of the Liver

EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma.

J Hepatol. 69: 182-236Marrero J.A. Kulik L.M. Sirlin C.B. et al.

Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.

Hepatology. 68: 723-750Wald C. Russo M.W. Heimbach J.K. et al.

New OPTN/UNOS policy for liver transplant allocation: standardization of liver imaging, diagnosis, classification, and reporting of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Radiology. 266: 376-382Ronot M. Dioguardi Burgio M. Purcell Y. et al.

Focal lesions in cirrhosis: not always HCC.

Eur J Radiol. 93: 157-168Fowler K.J. Potretzke T.A. Hope T.A. et al.

Definite or probable malignancy, not specific for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abdom Radiol (NY). 43: 149-157Kim J.H. Yoon J.H. Joo I. et al.

Evaluation of primary liver cancers using hepatocyte-specific contrast-enhanced MRI: pitfalls and potential tips.

J Magn Reson Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.27213Lee W.J. Lim H.K. Jang K.M. et al.

Radiologic spectrum of cholangiocarcinoma: emphasis on unusual manifestations and differential diagnoses.

Radiographics. 21: S97-S116

Cholangiocarcinoma: morphologic classification according to growth pattern and imaging findings.

AJR Am J Roentgenol. 181: 819-827Nagtegaal I.D. Odze R.D. Klimstra D. et al.

The 2019 WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system.

Histopathology. 76: 182-188Han J.K. Choi B.I. Kim A.Y. et al.

Cholangiocarcinoma: pictorial essay of CT and cholangiographic findings.

Radiographics. 22: 173-187Chung Y.E. Kim M.J. Park Y.N. et al.

Varying appearances of cholangiocarcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation.

Radiographics. 29: 683-700Brunt E. Aishima S. Clavien P.A. et al.

cHCC-CCA: consensus terminology for primary liver carcinomas with both hepatocytic and cholangiocytic differentation.

Hepatology. 68: 113-126Stavraka C. Rush H. Ross P.

Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC): an update of genetics, molecular biology, and therapeutic interventions.

J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 6: 11Ramai D. Ofosu A. Lai J.K. et al.

Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma: a population-based retrospective study.

Am J Gastroenterol. 114: 1496-1501Sasaki M. Sato H. Kakuda Y. et al.

Clinicopathological significance of “subtypes with stem-cell feature” in combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma.

Liver Int. 35: 1024-1035Augustin G. Bruketa T. Korolija D. et al.

Lower incidence of hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer in patients with chronic liver diseases: meta-analysis.

Hepatogastroenterology. 60: 1164-1168Cai B. Liao K. Song X.Q. et al.

Patients with chronically diseased livers have lower incidence of colorectal liver metastases: a meta-analysis.

PLoS One. 9: e108618Wang L. Sun Y. Yi M. et al.

IEO model: a novel concept describing the complete metastatic process in the liver microenvironment.

Oncol Lett. 19: 3627-3633Kim S.J. Lee J.M. Han J.K. et al.

Peripheral mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma in cirrhotic liver.

AJR Am J Roentgenol. 189: 1428-1434Mamone G. Marrone G. Caruso S. et al.

Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: enhancement pattern on Gd-BOPTA-MRI with emphasis of hepatobiliary phase.

Abdom Imaging. 40: 2313-2322Quaia E. Angileri R. Arban F. et al.

Predictors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in cirrhotic patients scanned by gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: diagnostic accuracy and confidence.

Clin Imaging. 39: 1032-1038Ni T. Shang X.S. Wang W.T. et al.

Different MR features for differentiation of intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma according to tumor size.

Br J Radiol. 91: 20180017Cannella R. Fowler K.J. Borhani A.A. et al.

Common pitfalls when using the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS): lessons learned from a multi-year experience.

Abdom Radiol (NY). 44: 43-53Joo I. Lee J.M. Lee S.M. et al.

Diagnostic accuracy of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) v2014 for intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinomas in patients with chronic liver disease on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI.

J Magn Reson Imaging. 44: 1330-1338Sheng R.F. Zeng M.S. Rao S.X. et al.

MRI of small intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma and atypical small hepatocellular carcinoma (≤3 cm) with cirrhosis and chronic viral hepatitis: a comparative study.

Clin Imaging. 38: 265-272Fattach H.E. Dohan A. Guerrache Y. et al.

Intrahepatic and hilar mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: qualitative and quantitative evaluation with diffusion-weighted MR imaging.

Eur J Radiol. 84: 1444-1451Jeong H.T. Kim M.J. Chung Y.E. et al.

Gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI of mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas: imaging-histologic correlation.

AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201: W603-W611Kim R. Lee J.M. Shin C.I. et al.

Differentiation of intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver MR imaging.

Eur Radiol. 26: 1808-1817Choi S.H. Lee S.S. Kim S.Y. et al.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: differentiation from hepatocellular carcinoma by using gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging and dynamic CT.

Radiology. 282: 771-781Min J.H. Kim Y.K. Choi S.Y. et al.

Differentiation between cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma with target sign on diffusion-weighted imaging and hepatobiliary phase gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging: Classification tree analysis applying capsule and septum.

Eur J Radiol. 92: 1-10Asayama Y. Nishie A. Ishigami K. et al.

Distinguishing intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma using precontrast and gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI.

Diagn Interv Radiol. 21: 96-104Tsunematsu S. Chuma M. Kamiyama T. et al.

Intratumoral artery on contrast-enhanced computed tomography imaging: differentiating intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abdom Imaging. 40: 1492-1499Zhao Y.J. Chen W.X. Wu D.S. et al.

Differentiation of mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma: based on the multivariate analysis of contrast-enhanced computed tomography findings.

Abdom Radiol (NY). 41: 978-989Kim S.A. Lee J.M. Lee K.B. et al.

Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinomas: enhancement patterns at multiphasic CT, with special emphasis on arterial enhancement pattern--correlation with clinicopathologic findings.

Radiology. 260: 148-157Fraum T.J. Cannella R. Ludwig D.R. et al.

Assessment of primary liver carcinomas other than hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with LI-RADS v2018: comparison of the LI-RADS target population to patients without LI-RADS-defined HCC risk factors.

Eur Radiol. 30: 996-1007Huang B. Wu L. Lu X.Y. et al.

Small intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic livers may share similar enhancement patterns at multiphase dynamic MR imaging.

Radiology. 281: 150-157Fowler K.J. Sheybani A. Parker 3rd, R.A. et al.

Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma (biphenotypic) tumors: imaging features and diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced CT and MRI.

AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201: 332-339

How to utilize LR-M features of the LI-RADS to improve the diagnosis of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma on gadoxetate-enhanced MRI?.

Eur Radiol. 29: 2408-2416de Campos R.O. Semelka R.C. Azevedo R.M. et al.

Combined hepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma: report of MR appearance in eleven patients.

J Magn Reson Imaging. 36: 1139-1147Jeon S.K. Joo I. Lee D.H. et al.

Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma: LI-RADS v2017 categorisation for differential diagnosis and prognostication on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging.

Eur Radiol. 29: 373-382Potretzke T.A. Tan B.R. Doyle M.B. et al.

Imaging features of biphenotypic primary liver carcinoma (hepatocholangiocarcinoma) and the potential to mimic hepatocellular carcinoma: LI-RADS analysis of CT and MRI features in 61 cases.

Am J Roentgenol. 207: 25-31Park S.H. Lee S.S. Yu E. et al.

Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI findings correlated with pathologic features and prognosis.

J Magn Reson Imaging. 46: 267-280Rajesh S. Bansal K. Sureka B. et al.

The imaging conundrum of hepatic lymphoma revisited.

Insights Imaging. 6: 679-692Tomasian A. Sandrasegaran K. Elsayes K.M. et al.

Hematologic malignancies of the liver: spectrum of disease.

Radiographics. 35: 71-86Colagrande S. Calistri L. Grazzini G. et al.

MRI features of primary hepatic lymphoma.

Abdom Radiol (NY). 43: 2277-2287Baron P.W. Amankonah T. Cubas R.F. et al.

Diffuse hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma developed in a patient with hepatitis C cirrhosis.

Case Rep Transplant. 2014: 694903Sánchez Rodríguez E. Pinilla Pagnon I. Ríos Leon R. et al.

Hepatic angiosarcoma in a patient with liver cirrhosis.

Gastroenterol Hepatol. 42: 304-305Cho M.J. An C. Aljoqiman K.S. et al.

Diagnostic performance of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System in patients at risk of both hepatocellular carcinoma and metastasis.

Abdom Radiol (NY). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-020-02581-9American College of Radiology

CT/MRI Liver imaging reporting and data system v2018 Core.

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Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) version 2018: imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in at-risk patients.

Radiology. 289: 816-830van der Pol C.B. Lim C.S. Sirlin C.B. et al.

Accuracy of the liver imaging reporting and data system in computed tomography and magnetic resonance image analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma or overall malignancy-a systematic review.

Gastroenterology. 156: 976-986Kim Y.Y. Kim M.J. Kim E.H. et al.

Hepatocellular carcinoma versus other hepatic malignancy in cirrhosis: performance of LI-RADS version 2018.

Radiology. 291: 72-80Ludwig D.R. Fraum T.J. Cannella R. et al.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) versus non-HCC: accuracy and reliability of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System v2018.

Abdom Radiol (NY). 44: 2116-2132Horvat N. Nikolovski I. Long N. et al.

Imaging features of hepatocellular carcinoma compared to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and combined tumor on MRI using liver imaging and data system (LI-RADS) version 2014.

Abdom Radiol (NY). 43: 169-178Fraum T.J. Tsai R. Rohe E. et al.

Differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma from other hepatic malignancies in patients at risk: diagnostic performance of the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2014.

Radiology. 286: 158-172Ludwig D.R. Fraum T.J. Cannella R. et al.

Expanding the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) v2018 diagnostic population: performance and reliability of LI-RADS for distinguishing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from non-HCC primary liver carcinoma in patients who do not meet strict LI-RADS high-risk criteria.

HPB (Oxford). 21: 1697-1706Mulé S. Galletto Pregliasco A. Tenenhaus A. et al.

Multiphase liver mri for identifying the macrotrabecular-massive subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Radiology. 295: 562-571An C. Park S. Chung Y.E. et al.

Curative resection of single primary hepatic malignancy: liver imaging reporting and data system category LR-M portends a worse prognosis.

AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209: 576-583Choi S.H. Lee S.S. Park S.H. et al.

LI-RADS classification and prognosis of primary liver cancers at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI.

Radiology. 290: 388-397