1. Hoogendijk, EO, Afilalo, J, Ensrud, KE, et al. Frailty: implications for clinical practice and public health. Lancet 2019; 394: 1365–1375.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Clegg, A, Young, J, Iliffe, S, et al. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet 2013; 381: 752–762.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI3. Abdelhafiz, AH, Davies, PC, Sinclair, AJ. Triad of impairment in older people with diabetes-reciprocal relations and clinical implications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 161: 108065.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Chao, CT, Wang, J, Huang, JW, et al. Chronic kidney disease–related osteoporosis is associated with incident frailty among patients with diabetic kidney disease: a propensity score-matched cohort study. Osteoporosis Int 2020; 31: 699–708.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Schernthaner, G, Schernthaner-Reiter, MH. Diabetes in the older patient: heterogeneity requires individualisation of therapeutic strategies. Diabetologia 2018; 61: 1503–1516.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Wu, P-Y, Chao, C-T, Chan, D-C, et al. Contributors, risk associates, and complications of frailty in patients with chronic kidney disease: a scoping review. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2019; 10: 2040622319880382.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals7. Yanase, T, Yanagita, I, Muta, K, et al. Frailty in elderly diabetes patients. Endocr J 2018; 65: 1–11.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Chen, S-I, Chiang, C-L, Chao, C-T, et al. Gustatory dysfunction is closely associated with frailty in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr 2020; 31: 49–56.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Lee, SY, Chao, CT, Huang, JW, et al. Vascular calcification as an underrecognized risk factor for frailty in 1783 community-dwelling elderly individuals. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9: e017308.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. See, S, Ginzburg, R. Choosing a skeletal muscle relaxant. Am Fam Physician 2008; 78: 365–370.
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI11. Luo, X, Pietrobon, R, Curtis, LH, et al. Prescription of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and muscle relaxants for back pain in the United States. Spine 2004; 29: E531–E537.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI12. van Tulder, MW, Touray, T, Furlan, AD, et al. Muscle relaxants for non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 2003: CD004252.
Google Scholar13. Sargent, L, Nalls, M, Amella, EJ, et al. Shared mechanisms for cognitive impairment and physical frailty: a model for complex systems. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2020; 6: e12027.
Google Scholar | Medline14. Hsieh, T-J, Chang, H-Y, Wu, IC, et al. Independent association between subjective cognitive decline and frailty in the elderly. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0201351.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Lai, J-H, Wang, M-T, Wu, C-C, et al. Risk of severe hypoglycemic events from amiodarone-sulfonylureas interactions: a population-based nested case-control study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2020; 29: 842–853.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Richards, BL, Whittle, SL, Buchbinder, R. Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2012: CD008922.
Google Scholar17. Lin, H-W, Ho, Y-F, Lin, F-J. Statin use associated with lower risk of epilepsy after intracranial haemorrhage: a population-based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84: 1970–1979.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Hsu, W-T, Galm, BP, Schrank, G, et al. Effect of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors on short-term mortality after sepsis. Hypertension 2020; 75: 483–491.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Chao, C-T, Wang, J, Chien, K-L. Both pre-frailty and frailty increase healthcare utilization and adverse health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17: 130.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Chao, C-T, Wang, J, Huang, J-W, et al. Frailty predicts an increased risk of end-stage renal disease with risk competition by mortality among 165,461 diabetic kidney disease patients. Aging Dis 2019; 10: 1270–1281.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Morley, JE, Malmstrom, TK, Miller, DK. A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged African Americans. J Nutr Health Aging 2012; 16: 601–608.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI22. Malmstrom, TK, Miller, DK, Morley, JE. A comparison of four frailty models. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62: 721–726.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI23. Theou, O, Tan, ECK, Bell, JS, et al. Frailty levels in residential aged care facilities measured using the frailty index and FRAIL-NH scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016; 64: e207–e212.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Dong, L, Qiao, X, Tian, X, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the FRAIL scale in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2018; 19: 12–17.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Adame Perez, SI, Senior, PA, Field, CJ, et al. Frailty, health-related quality of life, cognition, depression, vitamin D and health-care utilization in an ambulatory adult population with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional analysis. Can J Diabetes 2019; 43: 90–97.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Lee, S-Y, Wang, J, Chao, C-T, et al. Frailty modifies the association between opioid use and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients with diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Aging 2020; 12: 21730–21746.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Chang, H-Y, Weiner, JP, Richards, TM, et al. Validating the adapted diabetes complications severity index in claims data. Am J Manag Care 2012; 18: 721–726.
Google Scholar | Medline28. Soprano, SE, Hennessy, S, Bilker, WB, et al. Assessment of physician prescribing of muscle relaxants in the United States, 2005-2016. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3: e207664.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Halil, M, Cemal Kizilarslanoglu, M, Emin Kuyumcu, M, et al. Cognitive aspects of frailty: mechanisms behind the link between frailty and cognitive impairment. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19: 276–283.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI30. Rao, T, Kiptanui, Z, Dowell, P, et al. Association of formulary exclusions and restrictions for opioid alternatives with opioid prescribing among Medicare beneficiaries. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3: e200274.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Chauvin, KJ, Blake, PG, Garg, AX, et al. Baclofen has a risk of encephalopathy in older adults receiving dialysis. Kidney Int 2020; 98: 979–988.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Rangan, V, George, NS, Khan, F, et al. Severity of ineffective esophageal motility is associated with utilization of skeletal muscle relaxant medications. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30: e13235.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Granfors, MT, Backman, JT, Neuvonen, M, et al. Ciprofloxacin greatly increases concentrations and cypotensive effect of tizanidine by inhibiting its cytochrome P450 1A2–mediated presystemic metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004; 76: 598–606.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI34. Arslan, HH, Cebeci, S, Yildizoglu, U, et al. Effects of thiocolchicoside, a commonly used myorelaxant, on the acoustic reflex. J Laryngol Otol 2017; 131: 497–500.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline35. Holliday, S, Hayes, C, Dunlop, A, et al. Protecting pain patients. The evaluation of a chronic pain educational intervention. Pain Med 2017; 18: 2306–2315.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline