1. Cottin, V, Nunes, H, Brillet, P-Y, et al Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a distinct underrecognised entity. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 586–593.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI2. Lin, H, Jiang, S. Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE): an entity different from emphysema or pulmonary fibrosis alone. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7: 767–779.
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI3. Cottin, V. The impact of emphysema in pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir Rev 2013; 22: 153–157.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Cottin, V, Le Pavec, J, Prevot, G, et al Pulmonary hypertension in patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome. Eur Respir J 2010; 35: 105–111.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI5. Saito, H, Minamiya, Y, Nanjo, H, et al Pathological finding of subclinical interstitial pneumonia as a predictor of postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome after pulmonary resection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011; 39: 190–194.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Caminati, A, Lonati, C, Cassandro, R, et al Comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an underestimated issue. Eur Respir Rev 2019; 28: 190044.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Portillo, K, Perez-Rodas, N, Garcia-Olive, I, et al Lung cancer in patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A descriptive study in a Spanish series. Arch Bronconeumol 2017; 53: 304–310.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Inomata, M, Ikushima, S, Awano, N, et al An autopsy study of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: correlations among clinical, radiological, and pathological features. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14: 104.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Ikezoe, K, Handa, T, Tanizawa, K, et al The predictive risk factors for lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 197: A1614.
Google Scholar10. Lee, H, Kim, CW. Clinical significance of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. Eur Respir J 2017; 50: PA863.
Google Scholar11. Oldham, JM, Collard, HR. Comorbid conditions in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: recognition and management. Front Med 2017; 4: 123.
Google Scholar | Crossref12. de Groot, P, Munden, RF. Lung cancer epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention. Radiol Clin North Am 2012; 50: 863–876.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Kwak, N, Park, CM, Lee, J, et al Lung cancer risk among patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. Respir Med 2014; 108: 524–530.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Ciftci, F, Gulpinar, B, Atasoy, C, et al Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: how does cohabitation affect respiratory functions? Adv Med Sci 2019; 64: 285–291.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Sugino, K, Nakamura, Y, Ito, T, et al Comparison of clinical characteristics and outcomes between combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema associated with usual interstitial pneumonia pattern and non-usual interstitial pneumonia. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2015; 32: 129–137.
Google Scholar | Medline16. Tomassetti, S, Gurioli, C, Ryu, JH, et al The impact of lung cancer on survival of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2015; 147: 157–164.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI17. Lai, R-S, Chen, C-F, Chu, K-A, et al The effect of emphysema on survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a retrospective study in Taiwan. J Chin Med Assoc 2019; 82: 922–928.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Alsumrain, M, De Giacomi, F, Nasim, F, et al Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema as a clinicoradiologic entity: characterization of presenting lung fibrosis and implications for survival. Respir Med 2019; 146: 106–112.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Wong, AW, Liang, J, Cottin, V, et al Diagnostic features in Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema (CPFE): a systematic review. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2020; 17: 1333–1336.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Raghu, G, Collard, HR, Egan, JJ, et al An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: 788–824.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI21. Liberati, A, Altman, DG, Tetzlaff, J, et al The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000100.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI22. Stang, A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol 2010; 25: 603–605.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI23. Borenstein, M, Hedges, LV, Higgins, JPT, et al Fixed-effect model. In: Sharples, K, Woodward, G, Barclay, S, et al (eds) Introduction to meta-analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2009, pp.63–67.
Google Scholar | Crossref24. Lau, J, Antman, EM, Jimenez-Silva, J, et al Cumulative meta-analysis of therapeutic trials for myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 248–254.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI25. Duval, S, Tweedie, R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 2000; 56: 455–463.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI26. Begg, CB, Mazumdar, M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 1994; 50: 1088–1101.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI27. Egger, M, Davey Smith, G, Schneider, M, et al Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997; 315: 629–634.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Li, C, Wu, W, Chen, N, et al Clinical characteristics and outcomes of lung cancer patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 studies. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9: 5322–5334.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Koo, HJ, Do, KH, Lee, JB, et al Lung cancer in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0161437.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline30. Lee, G, Kim, KU, Lee, JW, et al Serial changes and prognostic implications of CT findings in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: comparison with fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias alone. Acta Radiol 2017; 58: 550–557.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI31. Sato, S, Tanino, Y, Misa, K, et al Identification of clinical phenotypes in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia with pulmonary emphysema. Intern Med 2016; 55: 1529–1535.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Wilson, DO, Weissfeld, JL, Balkan, A, et al Association of radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction with lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178: 738–744.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI33. Barreiro, E, Bustamante, V, Curull, V, et al Relationships between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer: biological insights. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8: E1122–E1135.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Hanaoka, M, Ito, M, Droma, Y, et al Comparison of gene expression profiling between lung fibrotic and emphysematous tissues sampled from patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 2012; 5: 17.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline35. Dawod, YT, Cook, NE, Graham, WB, et al Smoking-associated interstitial lung disease: update and review. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14: 825–834.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline