1. Jacob, L, Rapp, MA, Kostev, K. Long-term use of benzodiazepines in older patients in Germany: a retrospective analysis. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2017; 7: 191–200.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI2. Kurko, TAT, Saastamoinen, LK, Tähkäpää, S, et al. Long-term use of benzodiazepines: definitions, prevalence and usage patterns - a systematic review of register-based studies. Eur Psychiatry 2015; 30: 1037–1047.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI3. Olfson, M, King, M, Schoenbaum, M. Benzodiazepine use in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72: 136–142.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI4. Díaz-Gutiérrez, MJ, Martínez-Cengotitabengoa, M, Sáez de Adana, E, et al. Relationship between the use of benzodiazepines and falls in older adults: a systematic review. Maturitas 2017; 101: 17–22.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Donnelly, K, Bracchi, R, Hewitt, J, et al. Benzodiazepines, Z-drugs and the risk of hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0174730.
Google Scholar | Crossref6. Hogan, DB, Maxwell, CJ, Fung, TS, et al. Prevalence and potential consequences of benzodiazepine use in senior citizens: results from the Canadian study of health and aging. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 10: 72–77.
Google Scholar | Medline7. Haentjens, P, Magaziner, J, Colón-Emeric, CS, et al. Meta-analysis: excess mortality after hip fracture among older women and men. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 380–390.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI8. Mura, T, Proust-Lima, C, Akbaraly, T, et al. Chronic use of benzodiazepines and latent cognitive decline in the elderly: results from the three-city study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23: 212–223.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Baldwin, DS, Aitchison, K, Bateson, A, et al. Benzodiazepines: risks and benefits. A reconsideration. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27: 967–971.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI10. Lader, MH . Limitations on the use of benzodiazepines in anxiety and insomnia: are they justified? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1999; 9: S399–S405.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. By the American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel . American Geriatrics Society 2019 updated AGS Beers Criteria® for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2019; 67: 674–694.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. O’Mahony, D, O’Sullivan, D, Byrne, S, et al. STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people: version 2. Age Ageing 2015; 44: 213–218.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI13. Bandelow, B, Zohar, J, Hollander, E, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders – first revision. World J Biol Psychiatry 2008; 9: 248–312.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI14. Service Public Fédéral Santé Publique Sécurité de la chaîne alimentaire et Environnement . Somnifères et calmants, pensez d’abord aux autres solutions, https://www.health.belgium.be/fr/sante/prenez-soin-de-vous/medication/somniferes-et-calmants#article (2018, accessed 14 November 2018).
Google Scholar15. Van der Heyden, J . Consommation de médicaments. In: Drieskens, S, Gisle, L, Van der Heyden, J, et al. (éds) Enquête de santé 2013, Rapport 3: utilisation des services de soins de santé et des services sociaux. Brussels: WIV-ISP, https://his.wiv-isp.be/SitePages/Reports.aspx (2015, accessed, 25 February 2020).
Google Scholar16. Bourgeois, J, Elseviers, MM, Azermai, M, et al. Benzodiazepine use in Belgian nursing homes: a closer look into indications and dosages. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 68: 833–844.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Evrard, P, Henrard, S, Foulon, V, et al. Benzodiazepine use and deprescribing in Belgian nursing homes: results from the COME-ON study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2020; 68: 2768–2777.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Carrasco-Garrido, P, López de Andrés, A, Hernández Barrera, V, et al. National trends (2003–2009) and factors related to psychotropic medication use in community-dwelling elderly population. Int Psychogeriatr 2013; 25: 328–338.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Cheng, J-S, Huang, W-F, Lin, K-M, et al. Characteristics associated with benzodiazepine usage in elderly outpatients in Taiwan. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 23: 618–624.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI20. Fourrier, A, Letenneur, L, Dartigues, JF, et al. Benzodiazepine use in an elderly community-dwelling population. Characteristics of users and factors associated with subsequent use. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 57: 419–425.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI21. Scientific Institute of Public Health and OD Public Health and Surveillance . Health interview survey 2013 (data file and codebook) 2015, obtainable under condition from the Sciensano website: https://his.wiv-isp.be/SitePages/Acces_microdata.aspx.
Google Scholar22. Demarest, S, Van der Heyden, J, Charafeddine, R, et al. Methodological basics and evolution of the Belgian health interview survey 1997-2008. Arch Public Health 2013; 71: 24.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Charafeddine, R, Demarest, S, Drieskens, S, et al. Health interview survey 2013: research protocol, https://his.wiv-isp.be/Shared%20Documents/Protocol2013.pdf (2013, accessed 25 June 2020).
Google Scholar24. Walckiers, D, Van der Heyden, J, Tafforeau, J. Factors associated with excessive polypharmacy in older people. Arch Public Health 2015; 73: 50.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Kumar, M . dsr: Compute directly standardized rates, ratios and differences. R package version 0.2.2, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dsr (2019, accessed 19 May 2020).
Google Scholar26. Leplège, A, Ecosse, E, Verdier, A, et al. The French SF-36 health survey: translation, cultural adaptation and preliminary psychometric evaluation. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51: 1013–1023.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI27. Herdman, M, Gudex, C, Lloyd, A, et al. Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Qual Life Res 2011; 20: 1727–1736.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI28. Goldberg, DP . Manual of the general health questionnaire. Windsor, England: NFER Publishing, 1978.
Google Scholar29. Derogatis, LR, Lazarus, L. SCL-90—R, brief symptom Inventory, and matching clinical rating scales. In: Maruish, ME (ed.) The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 1994, pp.217–248.
Google Scholar30. Meltzer, H . Development of a common instrument for mental health. In: Nosikov, A, Gudex, C (eds) EUROHIS: developing common instruments for health surveys. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2003.
Google Scholar31. Centre Belge d’Information Pharmacothérapeutique . Formulaire de soins aux personnes âgées: troubles anxieux généralisés, https://farmaka.cbip.be/fr/formulaire-p-a/166#main (2021, accessed 12 February 2021).
Google Scholar32. Bourgeois, J, Elseviers, MM, Van Bortel, L, et al. The use of antidepressants in Belgian nursing homes: focus on indications and dosages in the PHEBE study. Drugs Aging 2012; 29: 759–769.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI33. Everitt, H, Baldwin, DS, Stuart, B, et al. Antidepressants for insomnia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 5: CD010753.
Google Scholar | Medline34. R Core Team . R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, https://www.R-project.org/ (2018, accessed 18 May 2020).
Google Scholar35. Barnier, J, Briatte, F, Larmarange, J. questionr: Functions to make surveys processing easier, R package version 0.7.0, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=questionr (2018, accessed 18 May 2021).
Google Scholar36. Fox, J, Weisberg, S. An companion to applied regression. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2019. https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion
Google Scholar37. Subhash, RL, Keim, JL, Solymos, P. ResourceSelection: resource selection (probability) functions for use-availability data, R package version 0.3-5, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ResourceSelection (2019, accessed 18 May 2021).
Google Scholar38. Sing, T, Sander, O, Beerenwinkel, N, et al. ROCR: visualizing classifier performance in R. Bioinformatics 2005; 21: 3940–3941.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI39. Luta, X, Bagnoud, C, Lambiris, M, et al. Patterns of benzodiazepine prescription among older adults in Switzerland: a cross-sectional analysis of claims data. BMJ Open 2020; 10: e031156.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline40. Davies, SJC, Jacob, B, Rudoler, D, et al. Benzodiazepine prescription in Ontario residents aged 65 and over: a population-based study from 1998 to 2013. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2018; 8: 99–114.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI41. Holm, E, Fosbol, E, Pedersen, H, et al. Benzodiazepine use in Denmark 1997–2008. Eur Geriatr Med 2012; 3: 299–303.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI42. Iliffe, S, Curran, HV, Collins, R, et al. Attitudes to long-term use of benzodiazepine hypnotics by older people in general practice: findings from interviews with service users and providers. Aging Ment Health 2004; 8: 242–248.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI43. Alessi-Severini, S, Bolton, JM, Enns, MW, et al. Use of benzodiazepines and related drugs in Manitoba: a population-based study. CMAJ Open 2014; 2: E208–E216.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline44. Heinemann, S, Brockmöller, J, Hagmayer, Y, et al. Why Z-drugs are used even if doctors and nurses feel unable to judge their benefits and risks—a hospital survey. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 76: 285–290.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline45. Siriwardena, AN, Qureshi, Z, Gibson, S, et al. GPs’ attitudes to benzodiazepine and ‘Z-drug’ prescribing: a barrier to implementation of evidence and guidance on hypnotics. Br J Gen Pract 2006; 56: 964–967.
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI46. Caillet, P, Rousselet, M, Gerardin, M, et al. Prevalence of zolpidem use in France halved after secure prescription pads implementation in 2017: a SNDS database nested cohort study. PLoS One 2020; 15: e0228495.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline47. Maust, DT, Kales, HC, Wiechers, IR, et al. No end in sight: benzodiazepine use in older adults in the united states. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016; 64: 2546–2553.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline48. Marcum, ZA, Perera, S, Thorpe, JM, et al. Antidepressant use and recurrent falls in community-dwelling older adults: findings from the health ABC study. Ann Pharmacother 2016; 50: 525–533.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI49. Buckeridge, D, Huang, A, Hanley, J, et al. Risk of injury associated with opioid use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010; 58: 1664–1670.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI50. Johnell, K, Jonasdottir Bergman, G, Fastbom, J, et al. Psychotropic drugs and the risk of fall injuries, hospitalisations and mortality among older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 32: 414–420.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline51. Johnell, K, Fastbom, J. The use of benzodiazpines and related drugs amongst older people in Sweden: associated factors and concomitant use of other psychotropics. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 24: 731–738.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline52. Farrell, B, Pottie, K, Rojas-Fernandez, CH, et al. Methodology for developing deprescribing guidelines: using evidence and GRADE to guide recommendations for deprescribing. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0161248.
Google Scholar | Crossref53. Reeve, E,