Celebrating Hans Griesser’s career and influence on biomaterials

While I first met Hans Griesser (Fig. 1) as a colleague at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) during the early 1990s, it was not until 1996 when I joined his research team that I really got to know him. In 1996, the CSIRO, as a partially government-funded organization, was going through one of its periodic funding crises, and I was asked if I would consider joining Hans’ team working on surface modification of ophthalmic biomaterial applications funded through the Cooperative Research Centre for Eye Research and Technology (CRCERT). As a microbiologist, albeit one who had worked on microbial corrosion and had, therefore, worked at the biology–materials interface, it was a scientific leap of faith for both Hans and I, but one we agreed to try! From a personal and career point of view, I never looked back, and to this day I thank Hans for taking that leap of faith to employ someone without a background in surface chemistry or surface analysis. In particular, I thank Hans for his scientific excellence, patience, mentoring, leadership, and most importantly, friendship, which allowed me to grow as a scientist and subsequently as a leader of scientific teams. Of course, I am not alone in owing Hans gratitude, as there are two (maybe even three) generations of Australian and international surface and biomaterial scientists who fall into the same category.

For a large part of his scientific career since coming to Australia in the 1980s (first to the Australian National University) from Switzerland (Dr sc. nat. at ETH), Hans has used his expertise in materials science and spectroscopy to undertake research at the interface between materials and biological systems in the field of “Biomaterials Interface Science”. In particular, he and his teams have developed strategies that use a variety of surface modification and coating techniques to modify both materials and devices in order to moderate biointerfacial responses for applications in human health and biotechnology. In support of these strategies, he has also achieved international recognition for his work on the development and application of surface characterization techniques that have resulted in an improved understanding of the interaction of materials with tissues, cells (both eukaryotic and prokaryotic), and biomolecules (and, in particular, proteins). In his years at the CSIRO, polyurethanes, plasma polymers, and their properties and the interaction of materials with the ocular environment were a key focus, while in his time at the University of South Australia, in which he joined as Deputy Director of the Ian Wark Research Institute in 2002, a significant body of work on the prevention of biofilm formation (both bacterial and fungal) and the immobilization of bioactive molecules has resulted.

In relation to the surface modification of biomaterials, much of his work has had a focus on the utility of plasma polymer coatings as a direct method of applying thin film coatings to surfaces or as a platform for the subsequent conjugation of other molecules.1–51. J. G. Steele, G. Johnson, C. McFarland, B. A. Dalton, T. R. Gengenbach, R. C. Chatelier, P. A. Underwood, and H. J. Griesser, J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed. 6, 511 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1163/156856294X004732. H. J. Griesser, R. C. Chatelier, T. R. Gengenbach, G. Johnson, and J. G. Steele, J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed. 5, 531 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1163/156856294X001943. K. S. Siow, L. Britcher, S. Kumar, and H. J. Griesser, Plasma Processes Polym. 3, 392 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.2006000214. B. Thierry, M. Jasieniak, L. C. P. M. de Smet, K. Vasilev, and H. J. Griesser, Langmuir 24, 10187 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/la801140u5. B. R. Coad, M. Jasieniak, S. S. Griesser, and H. J. Griesser, Surf. Coat. Technol. 233, 169 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.05.019 Plasma polymer coatings formed from the deposition of a wide range of monomers, including amines (e.g., heptylamine, allylamine), aldehydes (acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde), siloxanes (HMDSO), and alkanes (e.g., hexane or trichloroethane) among many others, have been applied as barrier coatings, as coatings to prevent6–106. A. L. S. Burzava, M. Jasieniak, M. P. Cockshell, N. H. Voelcker, C. S. Bonder, H. J. Griesser, and E. Moore, ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 3, 3718 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.0c003367. P. Kingshott and H. J. Griesser, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 4, 403 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0286(99)00018-28. P. Kingshott, H. Thissen, and H. J. Griesser, Biomaterials 23, 2043 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00334-99. S. L. McArthur, K. M. McLean, P. Kingshott, H. A. W. St John, R. C. Chatelier, and H. J. Griesser, Colloids Surf., B 17, 37 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7765(99)00086-710. L. M. Dai, H. A. W. St John, J. J. Bi, P. Zientek, R. C. Chatelier, and H. J. Griesser, Surf. Interface Anal. 29, 46 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9918(200001)29:1%3C46::AID-SIA692%3E3.0.CO;2-6 or encourage protein or cell attachment, and to allow the subsequent grafting of polymers (e.g., PEO),88. P. Kingshott, H. Thissen, and H. J. Griesser, Biomaterials 23, 2043 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00334-9 biomolecules (peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, etc.),1–3,5,101. J. G. Steele, G. Johnson, C. McFarland, B. A. Dalton, T. R. Gengenbach, R. C. Chatelier, P. A. Underwood, and H. J. Griesser, J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed. 6, 511 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1163/156856294X004732. H. J. Griesser, R. C. Chatelier, T. R. Gengenbach, G. Johnson, and J. G. Steele, J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed. 5, 531 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1163/156856294X001943. K. S. Siow, L. Britcher, S. Kumar, and H. J. Griesser, Plasma Processes Polym. 3, 392 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.2006000215. B. R. Coad, M. Jasieniak, S. S. Griesser, and H. J. Griesser, Surf. Coat. Technol. 233, 169 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.05.01910. L. M. Dai, H. A. W. St John, J. J. Bi, P. Zientek, R. C. Chatelier, and H. J. Griesser, Surf. Interface Anal. 29, 46 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9918(200001)29:1%3C46::AID-SIA692%3E3.0.CO;2-6 or small molecules (e.g., drugs or antimicrobials). These platforms, whether direct modification or subsequent grafting, have been used in an array of applications, including contact lenses,1111. P. Nicolson R., et al. U.S. Patent No. 6,951,894,B1 (4 October 2005). corneal,1212. R. Z. Xie, D. F. Sweeney, G. J. Beumer, G. Johnson, H. J. Griesser, and J. G. Steele, Aust. N. Z. J. Ophthalmol. 25, S46 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.1997.tb01755.x vascular,1313. B. Thierry, F. M. Winnik, Y. Merhi, H. J. Griesser, and M. Tabrizian, Langmuir 24, 11834 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/la801359w and orthopedic implants,1414. B. A. Dalton, C. D. McFarland, T. R. Gengenbach, H. J. Griesser, and J. G. Steele, J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed. 9, 781 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1163/156856298X00154 biosensors, cell growth platforms,1515. H. Thissen, G. Johnson, P. G. Hartley, P. Kingshott, and H. J. Griesser, Biomaterials 27, 35 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.037 and antibacterial16–1916. E. B. H. Hume et al., Biomaterials 25, 5023 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.04817. K. Vasilev, S. S. Griesser, and H. J. Griesser, Plasma Processes Polym. 8, 1010 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.20110009718. C. Vreuls, G. Zocchi, B. Thierry, G. Garitte, S. S. Griesser, C. Archambeau, C. V. Van de Weerdt, J. Martial, and H. Griesser, J. Mater. Chem. 20, 8092 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm01419b19. K. Vasilev et al., Nano Lett. 10, 202 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl903274q and antifungal20,2120. C. Giles, S. J. Lamont-Friedrich, T. D. Michl, H. J. Griesser, and B. R. Coad, Biotechnol. Adv. 36, 264 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.11.01021. S. S. Griesser, M. Jasieniak, B. R. Coad, and H. J. Griesser, Biointerphases 10, 04A307 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4933108 coatings among others. In relation to plasma polymers, not only have Hans’ teams developed coatings, but they have also designed reactor systems for their application.22–2422. H. J. Griesser, Vacuum 39, 485 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-207X(89)90272-823. S. A. Al-Bataineh, E. J. Szili, A. Mishra, S. J. Park, J. G. Eden, H. J. Griesser, N. H. Voelcker, R. D. Short, and D. A. Steele, Plasma Processes Polym. 8, 695 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.20100017624. T. D. Michl, B. R. Coad, A. Husler, K. Vasilev, and H. J. Griesser, Plasma Processes Polym. 12, 305 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201400141The modification of a biomaterial such that it achieves its objective, whether it be tissue integration or the prevention of biofouling, is challenging. However, this challenge can be better addressed by developing an understanding of the properties of such materials and their molecular interactions with their environment. Such an understanding can be achieved by having and applying a suite of advanced surface analytic tools. At both the CSIRO and at the University of South Australia, where Hans was Deputy Director of the Ian Wark Research Institute (2002–2013) and became Director of the Mawson Institute (2013–2015) and then Research Leader in the Future Industries Institute (2016–2018), he has led teams that have used and developed techniques including x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),25–2725. T. R. Gengenbach, R. C. Chatelier, and H. J. Griesser, Surf. Interface Anal. 24, 271 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9918(199604)24:4%3C271::AID-SIA116%3E3.0.CO;2-J26. S. L. McArthur, K. M. McLean, H. A. W. St John, and H. J. Griesser, Biomaterials 22, 3295 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00166-127. S. A. Al-Bataineh, L. G. Britcher, and H. J. Griesser, Surf. Sci. 600, 952 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2005.12.028 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry,2828. P. Kingshott, S. McArthur, H. Thissen, D. G. Castner, and H. J. Griesser, Biomaterials 23, 4775 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00228-4 atomic force microscopy,29–3129. S. Pasche, M. Textor, L. Meagher, N. D. Spencer, and H. J. Griesser, Langmuir 21, 6508 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1021/la050386x30. A. Tarasova, P. Hamilton-Brown, T. Gengenbach, H. J. Griesser, and L. Meagher, Plasma Processes Polym. 5, 175 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.20070005431. K. E. Bremmell, P. Kingshott, Z. Ademovic, B. Winther-Jensen, and H. J. Griesser, Langmuir 22, 313 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1021/la052143a and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time-of-flight spectroscopy32,3332. P. Kingshott, H. A. W. St John, and H. J. Griesser, Anal. Biochem. 273, 156 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.420133. H. J. Griesser, P. Kingshott, S. L. McArthur, K. L. McLean, G. R. Kinsel, and R. B. Timmons, Biomaterials 25, 4861 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.049 to interrogate surfaces and increase our understanding of their utility and deficiencies. For example, these techniques have been developed to understand plasma polymer ageing, protein adsorption, and the ability of PEO surfaces to prevent fouling among others.

There are, of course, many ways to judge the scientific contribution of any individual. As scientists, our first recourse is often to academic metrics such as numbers of publications, citations, H-Index, plenary and keynote invitations, and awards. Secondly, there are measures such as economic, environmental, and social impact, and thirdly, there are measures of their impact on people and the scientific community, including their training of students and researchers and their contributions to learned societies and so on. By each of these measures, the impact of Hans Griesser on Australian and international biomaterials and interface science has been significant as I hope to demonstrate now.

In terms of academic output, Hans’ contribution has been significant with more than 250 peer-reviewed publications, an H-Index of 55, more than 20 patents, almost 10,000 citations, a multitude of conference and industry presentations, and as a Fellow Biomaterials Science and Engineering (FBSE). While these metrics are an important indicator of output, Hans has always had a drive to see his research translated to the real world. During his time at the CSIRO and as a leader in the Cooperative Research Centre for Eye Research and Technology and Vision Cooperative Research Centre, he had a major role to play in the development of Ciba Vision's Focus Night and DayTM silicone hydrogel extended wear contact lens.1111. P. Nicolson R., et al. U.S. Patent No. 6,951,894,B1 (4 October 2005). He was not only an inventor of the key patent but also made other important scientific contributions to the development of the first successful extended wear lens. The silicone hydrogel contact lens is now the dominant force in the market with more than 70% of contact lenses using this type of material in a market worth U.S. $16 billion per annum. Royalty returns to the Australian and international scientific institutions who together developed this material run into hundreds of millions of dollars and have generated significant economic and health benefits (I can vouch for this as a wearer of these types of contact lens). While academic and economic and health benefits are a great measure of his contributions, surely the most important measure is in the impact on people. Hans has provided leadership, mentorship, and coaching to a large number of students, postdoctoral fellows, and scientists and imbued in them a strong work ethic, the need for integrity, the importance of collaboration and cross-disciplinary interactions, and, in particular, a strong focus on scientific rigor (it was never a good idea to present wrongly interpreted XPS data if Hans was in a conference audience). He has always sought to be an inclusive leader and to ensure that members of his team are given opportunities to advance their career and present and take credit for work. In the Australian context, he has also been a key player in obtaining government support for major national scientific infrastructure which has supported the whole community. He has also been the president of the Australasian Society for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (ASBTE). He has also been a great team player and a full participant in social events (even if he rather sensibly has drunk only light beer) and has provided musical entertainment on occasion (Fig. 2). He was a tenacious, quick, and highly skilled soccer player in our lunchtime football games at work and unlike most of us preferred to play when the temperature was above 35 °C. In Hawaii for the 2000 World Biomaterials Congress, he joined members of our team in hopping on a surfboard, although I do not think he ever realized there was an expectation that he attempt to stand up (Fig. 3)!Like so many Australians, Hans was an import, and as a result threw himself into Australian life. He developed a strong interest in the Australian bush and its dramatic landscapes and took his family on a three-month exploration of Western Australia with a station wagon and a camper trailer. I understand that he traveled on “roads” on which he was the only non-four-wheel drive vehicle. Most of his conference presentations included one or more of his high-quality photographs of Australian deserts or our amazing native flora. He had a strong interest in Australian native plants, which he cultivated in both his Victorian and South Australian gardens with a strong interest in Banksia, Eremophila, and Verticordia species—here, the use of grafting techniques also proved to be important. In his research work at the University of South Australia, he worked on the chemistry of several Australian plants and studied some of their unique molecules to elucidate their antimicrobial and other properties.3434. O. F. Anakok, C. P. Ndi, M. D. Barton, H. J. Griesser, and S. J. Semple, J. Appl. Microbiol. 112, 197 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05174.x One of the other traits in his presentations, at least in the early years of PowerpointTM, was an uncanny ability to incorporate the entire color palette and most of the available fonts into his slides! We had to constantly remind him that white letters on a yellow background was not always the best way for work to be presented! Australians who live in our southern states of Victoria and South Australia are almost legally mandated to follow Australian Rules Football and Hans became a strong supporter of the Hawthorn Football Club (also known as the Hawks). Their yellow and brown strip may well have been attractive to him given his presentation palette! Today, as Emeritus Professor at the Future Industries Institute (UniSA), Hans continues to be actively involved in research, obtaining grant funding and mentoring the next generation of biointerface scientists as well as enjoying the freedom that comes with the reputation he has earned after so many years working at the forefront of our field.

I hope that in this short appreciation, I have highlighted some key contributions of Hans Griesser to Australian and international biomaterials science. The metrics are strong, the ability to translate science to the application is evident, and his contribution to the development and support of people is clear. I, like so many of my colleagues at the CSIRO and the University of South Australia and in the wider scientific community, owe him a debt of gratitude for his scientific excellence and integrity, his leadership, his mentorship, for the creation of opportunity, but most importantly, for his friendship. He is much admired, respected, and thanked by his many friends and colleagues, and this issue stands as a reflection and tribute to his major contributions.

REFERENCES

Section:

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