Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, Barengo NC, Beaton AZ, Benjamin EJ, Benziger CP, et al. Global Burden of Cardiovascular diseases and Risk factors, 1990–2019: Update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2982–3021.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Alonso A, Beaton AZ, Bittencourt MS, Boehme AK, Buxton AE, Carson AP, Commodore-Mensah Y, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2022 update: a Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022;145(8):e153–639.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, Bittner V, Brewer LC, Demeter SH, Dixon DL, Fearon WF, Hess B, Johnson HM et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2023, 148(9):e9-e119.

Gaglia MA Jr., Clavijo L. Cardiovascular pharmacology core reviews: aspirin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Therap. 2013;18(6):505–13.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ikeda Y, Shimada K, Teramoto T, Uchiyama S, Yamazaki T, Oikawa S, Sugawara M, Ando K, Murata M, Yokoyama K, et al. Low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in Japanese patients 60 years or older with atherosclerotic risk factors: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(23):2510–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khan H, Kanny O, Syed MH, Qadura M. Aspirin resistance in Vascular Disease: a review highlighting the critical need for Improved Point-of-care testing and personalized therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022, 23(19).

Gasparyan AY, Watson T, Lip GY. The role of aspirin in cardiovascular prevention: implications of aspirin resistance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(19):1829–43.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Aspirin resistance. Lancet (London England). 2006;367(9510):606–17.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Maree AO, Fitzgerald DJ. Variable platelet response to aspirin and clopidogrel in atherothrombotic disease. Circulation. 2007;115(16):2196–207.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kasmeridis C, Apostolakis S, Lip GY. Aspirin and aspirin resistance in coronary artery disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2013;13(2):242–50.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Eskandarian R, Razavi M, Fattah A, Ghods K, Forozeshfard M. Prevalence of aspirin resistance in patients with type II diabetes: a descriptive-analytical study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017;55(6):493–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khan H, Zamzam A, Gallant RC, Syed MH, Rand ML, Ni H, Forbes TL, Al-Omran M, Qadura M. Aspirin nonsensitivity in patients with vascular disease: Assessment by light transmission aggregometry (aspirin nonsensitivity in vascular patients). Res Pract Thromb Haemostasis. 2021;5(8):e12618.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Krasopoulos G, Brister SJ, Beattie WS, Buchanan MR. Aspirin resistance and risk of cardiovascular morbidity: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Res ed). 2008;336(7637):195–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

O’Donnell CJ, Larson MG, Feng D, Sutherland PA, Lindpaintner K, Myers RH, D’Agostino RA, Levy D, Tofler GH. Genetic and environmental contributions to platelet aggregation: the Framingham heart study. Circulation. 2001;103(25):3051–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kunicki TJ, Williams SA, Nugent DJ, Harrison P, Segal HC, Syed A, Rothwell PM. Lack of association between aspirin responsiveness and seven candidate gene haplotypes in patients with symptomatic vascular disease. Thromb Haemost. 2009;101(1):123–33.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fitzpatrick FA. Cyclooxygenase enzymes: regulation and function. Curr Pharm Design. 2004;10(6):577–88.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Eikelboom JW, Hirsh J, Spencer FA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI. Antiplatelet drugs: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):eS89–119.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Meng Z, Wang H, Miao Y. Effect of PEAR1, PTGS1 gene polymorphisms on the recurrence of aspirin-treated patients with ischemic stroke in the Han population of China: a 4-year follow-up study. Med (Baltim). 2024;103(19):e38031.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cao L, Zhang Z, Sun W, Bai W, Sun W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Cai B, Xie X, Duan Z, et al. Impacts of COX-1 gene polymorphisms on vascular outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke and treated with aspirin. Gene. 2014;546(2):172–6.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Michelson AD, Furman MI, Goldschmidt-Clermont P, Mascelli MA, Hendrix C, Coleman L, Hamlington J, Barnard MR, Kickler T, Christie DJ, et al. Platelet GP IIIa pl(A) polymorphisms display different sensitivities to agonists. Circulation. 2000;101(9):1013–8.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Würtz M, Kristensen SD, Hvas AM, Grove EL. Pharmacogenetics of the antiplatelet effect of aspirin. Curr Pharm Design. 2012;18(33):5294–308.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wu G, Xi Y, Yao L, Su L, Yan Y, Li M, Gu L. Genetic polymorphism of ITGA2 C807T can increase the risk of ischemic stroke. Int J Neurosci. 2014;124(11):841–51.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Weng Z, Li X, Li Y, Lin J, Peng F, Niu W. The association of four common polymorphisms from four candidate genes (COX-1, COX-2, ITGA2B, ITGA2) with aspirin insensitivity: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(11):e78093.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsantes AE, Nikolopoulos GK, Bagos PG, Vaiopoulos G, Travlou A. Lack of association between the platelet glycoprotein Ia C807T gene polymorphism and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2007;118(2):189–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Q, Chen BL, Ozdemir V, Ji W, Mao YM, Wang LC, Lei HP, Fan L, Zhang W, Liu J, et al. Frequency of genetic polymorphisms of COX1, GPIIIa and P2Y1 in a Chinese population and association with attenuated response to aspirin. Pharmacogenomics. 2007;8(6):577–86.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shao J, Fu Y, Yang W, Yan J, Zhao J, Chen S, Xia W. Thromboxane A2 receptor polymorphism in association with cerebral infarction and its regulation on platelet function. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2015;12(1):15–24.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bousman CA, Stevenson JM, Ramsey LB, Sangkuhl K, Hicks JK, Strawn JR, Singh AB, Ruaño G, Mueller DJ, Tsermpini EE, et al. Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2B6, SLC6A4, and HTR2A genotypes and serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2023;114(1):51–68.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cooper-DeHoff RM, Niemi M, Ramsey LB, Luzum JA, Tarkiainen EK, Straka RJ, Gong L, Tuteja S, Wilke RA, Wadelius M, et al. The clinical pharmacogenetics implementation Consortium Guideline for SLCO1B1, ABCG2, and CYP2C9 genotypes and statin-Associated Musculoskeletal symptoms. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2022;111(5):1007–21.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Crews KR, Monte AA, Huddart R, Caudle KE, Kharasch ED, Gaedigk A, Dunnenberger HM, Leeder JS, Callaghan JT, Samer CF, et al. Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation Consortium Guideline for CYP2D6, OPRM1, and COMT genotypes and select opioid therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;110(4):888–96.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee CR, Luzum JA, Sangkuhl K, Gammal RS, Sabatine MS, Stein CM, Kisor DF, Limdi NA, Lee YM, Scott SA, et al. Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation Consortium Guideline for CYP2C19 genotype and clopidogrel therapy: 2022 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2022;112(5):959–67.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical Res ed). 2021;372:n71.

Google Scholar 

Abderrazek F, Chakroun T, Addad F, Dridi Z, Gerotziafas G, Gamra H, Hassine M, Elalamy I. The GPIIIa PlA polymorphism and the platelet hyperactivity in Tunisian patients with stable coronary artery disease treated with aspirin. Thromb Res. 2010;125(6):e265–268.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Al-Azzam SI, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, Tawalbeh D, Al-Azzeh O. The contribution of platelet glycoproteins (GPIa C807T and GPIba C-5T) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2G-765 C) polymorphisms to platelet response in patients treated with aspirin. Gene. 2013;526(2):118–21.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lo CK, Mertz D, Loeb M. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale: comparing reviewers’ to authors’ assessments. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:45.