GBD 2017 Cirrhosis Collaborators. The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 245–266 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Tapper, E. B. & Parikh, N. D. Mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer in the United States, 1999–2016: observational study. BMJ 362, k2817 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao, Y. et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in years of potential life loss among patients with cirrhosis during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 118, 752–757 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma, C. et al. Trends in the economic burden of chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis in the United States: 1996–2016. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 116, 2060–2067 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ames, J. B. et al. Rising healthcare costs and utilization among young adults with cirrhosis in Ontario: a population-based study. Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022, 6175913 (2022).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gordon, S. C. et al. Hepatitis C virus therapy is associated with lower health care costs not only in noncirrhotic patients but also in patients with end-stage liver disease. Aliment. Pharm. Ther. 38, 784–793 (2013).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Minority health and health disparities: definitions and parameters. NIH https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/about/strategic-plan/nih-strategic-plan-definitions-and-parameters.html (2023).

Rinella, M. E. et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology 78, 1966–1986 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nyberg, L. M. et al. The natural history of NAFLD, a community-based study at a large health care delivery system in the United States. Hepatol. Commun. 5, 83–96 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang, P. L., Djerboua, M. & Flemming, J. A. Cause-specific mortality among patients with cirrhosis in a population-based cohort study in Ontario (2000–2017). Hepatol. Commun. 7, e00194 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moonen, C. P. B. et al. A systematic review of barriers and facilitators for hepatitis B and C screening among migrants in the EU/EEA region. Front. Public Health 11, 1118227 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong, R. J. et al. An updated assessment of chronic hepatitis B prevalence among foreign-born persons living in the United States. Hepatology 74, 607–626 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/254621/9789241549981-eng.pdf (2017).

Lim, J. K. et al. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 115, 1429–1438 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perumalswami, P. V. et al. HBV screening among West Africans living in the US: Influences of stigma, health literacy, and self-efficacy. Hepatol. Commun. 7, e0172 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hyun, S. et al. Sociocultural barriers to hepatitis B health literacy in an immigrant population: a focus group study in Korean Americans. BMC Public Health 21, 404 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu, D. J. et al. Hepatitis B testing and access to care among racial and ethnic minorities in selected communities across the United States, 2009–2010. Hepatology 58, 856–862 (2013).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conners, E. E. et al. Screening and Testing for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: CDC Recommendations—United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 72, 1–25 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Terrault, N. A. et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology 67, 1560–1599 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lok, A. S. et al. Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B viral infection in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology 63, 284–306 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment for people with chronic hepatitis B infection. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240090903 (2024).

Liu, J. K. et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in characteristics and care patterns of chronic hepatitis B patients in the United States. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21, 2606–2615.e7 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kudaravalli, S. et al. Sex and ethnic disparities in hepatitis B evaluation and treatment across the world. J. Hepatol. 81, 33–41 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ogawa, E. et al. Association of direct-acting antiviral therapy with liver and nonliver complications and long-term mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis C. JAMA Intern Med 183, 97–105 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hall, E. W. et al. Estimating hepatitis C prevalence in the United States, 2017–2020. Hepatology https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000000927 (2024).

Degenhardt, L. et al. Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review. Lancet Glob. Health 5, e1192–e1207 (2017).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewis, K. C. et al. Estimated prevalence and awareness of hepatitis C virus infection among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, January 2017–March 2020. Clin. Infect. Dis. 77, 1413–1415 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV, viral hepatitis and STI prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240052390 (2022).

World Health Organization. Updated recommendations on treatment of adolescents and children with chronic HCV infection, and HCV simplified service delivery and diagnostics. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240052734 (2022).

AASLD. HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. http://www.hcvguidelines.org (2023).

Blach, S. et al. Modeling HCV elimination recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: pathways to regain progress. J. Infect. Public Health 16, 64–70 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cui, F. et al. Global reporting of progress towards elimination of hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8, 332–342 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thompson, W. W. et al. Vital signs: hepatitis C treatment among insured adults—United States, 2019–2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 71, 1011–1017 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ly, K. N. et al. Deaths associated with hepatitis C virus infection among residents in 50 states and the District of Columbia, 2016–2017. Clin. Infect. Dis. 71, 1149–1160 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mann, A. G. et al. Hepatitis C in ethnic minority populations in England. J. Viral Hepat. 15, 421–426 (2008).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shiha, G. et al. An educate, test, and treat programme towards elimination of hepatitis C infection in Egypt: a community-based demonstration project. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3, 778–789 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harney, B. L. et al. A multi-site, nurse-coordinated hepatitis C model of care in primary care and community services in Melbourne, Australia. Liver Int. 42, 522–531 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Markby, J. et al. Feasibility, effectiveness and cost of a decentralized HCV care model among the general population in Delhi, India. Liver Int. 42, 532–540 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fleurence, R. L. & Collins, F. S. A national hepatitis C elimination program in the United States: a historic opportunity. JAMA 329, 1251–1252 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amonker, S. et al. Prevalence of alcohol-associated liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol. Commun. 7, e0133 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ilyas, F. et al. Rising alcohol-associated liver disease-related mortality rates in the United States from 1999 to 2022. Hepatol. Commun. 7, e00180 (2023).

PubMed  Google Scholar