Aeby E, Lee HG, Lee YW et al (2020) Decapping enzyme 1A breaks X-chromosome symmetry by controlling Tsix elongation and RNA turnover. Nat Cell Biol 22:1116–1129. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-020-0558-0

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Akhtar A, Gasser SM (2007) The nuclear envelope and transcriptional control. Nat Rev Genet 8:507–517. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2122

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Almeida M, Bowness JS, Brockdorff N (2020) The many faces of Polycomb regulation by RNA. Curr Opin Genet Dev 61:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2020.02.023

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Andrulis ED, Neiman AM, Zappulla DC, Sternglanz R (1998) Perinuclear localization of chromatin facilitates transcriptional silencing. Nature 394:592–595. https://doi.org/10.1038/29100

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Augui S, Nora EP, Heard E (2011) Regulation of X-chromosome inactivation by the X-inactivation centre. Nat Rev Genet 12:429–442. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2987

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Balaton BP, Brown CJ (2021) Contribution of genetic and epigenetic changes to escape from X-chromosome inactivation. Epigenetics Chromatin 14:30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072-021-00404-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Balaton BP, Fornes O, Wasserman WW, Brown CJ (2021) Cross-species examination of X-chromosome inactivation highlights domains of escape from silencing. Epigenetics Chromatin 14:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072-021-00386-8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barros de Andrade E, Sousa L, Jonkers I, Syx L et al (2019) Kinetics of Xist-induced gene silencing can be predicted from combinations of epigenetic and genomic features. Genome Res 29:1087–1099. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.245027.118

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bauer M, Vidal E, Zorita E et al (2021) Chromosome compartments on the inactive X guide TAD formation independently of transcription during X-reactivation. Nat Commun 12:3499. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23610-1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bauer M, Payer B, Filion GJ (2022) Causality in transcription and genome folding: Insights from X inactivation. BioEssays 44:e2200105. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202200105

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berletch JB, Yang F, Disteche CM (2010) Escape from X inactivation in mice and humans. Genome Biol 11:213. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2010-11-6-213

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Berletch JB, Ma W, Yang F et al (2015) Escape from X Inactivation Varies in Mouse Tissues. PLoS Genet 11:e1005079. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005079

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bischoff A, Albers J, Kharboush I et al (1993) Differences of size and shape of active and inactive X-chromosome domains in human amniotic fluid cell nuclei. Microsc Res Tech 25:68–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250110

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Blewitt ME, Gendrel AV, Pang Z et al (2008) SmcHD1, containing a structural-maintenance-of-chromosomes hinge domain, has a critical role in X inactivation. Nat Genet 40:663–669. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.142

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Boeren J, Gribnau J (2021) Xist-mediated chromatin changes that establish silencing of an entire X chromosome in mammals. Curr Opin Cell Biol 70:44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2020.11.004

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bonchuk A, Kamalyan S, Mariasina S et al (2020) N-terminal domain of the architectural protein CTCF has similar structural organization and ability to self-association in bilaterian organisms. Sci Rep 10:2677. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59459-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bonora G, Disteche CM (2017) Structural aspects of the inactive X chromosome. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 372:20160357. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0357

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bonora G, Deng X, Fang H et al (2018) Orientation-dependent Dxz4 contacts shape the 3D structure of the inactive X chromosome. Nat Commun 9:1445. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03694-y

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Borsani G, Tonlorenzi R, Simmlert MC et al (1991) Characterization of a murine gene expressed from the inactive X chromosome. Nature 351:325–329. https://doi.org/10.1038/351325a0

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Boumil RM, Ogawa Y, Sun BK et al (2006) Differential methylation of Xite and CTCF Sites in Tsix mirrors the pattern of X-Inactivation choice in mice. Mol Cell Biol 26:2109–2117. https://doi.org/10.1128/mcb.26.6.2109-2117.2006

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bourgeois CA, Laquerriere F, Hemon D et al (1985) New data on the in-situ position of the inactive X chromosome in the interphase nucleus of human fibroblasts. Hum Genet 69:122–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00293281

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bousard A, Raposo AC, Żylicz JJ, et al (2019) The role of Xist‐mediated Polycomb recruitment in the initiation of X‐chromosome inactivation. EMBO Rep 20:e48019. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201948019

Bowness JS, Nesterova TB, Wei G et al (2022) Xist-mediated silencing requires additive functions of SPEN and Polycomb together with differentiation-dependent recruitment of SmcHD1. Cell Rep 39:110830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110830

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brockdorff N (2017) Polycomb complexes in X chromosome inactivation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 372:20170021. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0021

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brockdorff N, Bowness JS, Wei G (2020) Progress toward understanding chromosome silencing by Xist RNA. Genes Dev 34:733–744. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.337196

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brown CJ, Lafreniere RG, Powers VE et al (1991) Localization of the X inactivation centre on the human X chromosome in Xq13. Nature 349:82–84. https://doi.org/10.1038/349082a0

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Calabrese JM, Sun W, Song L et al (2012) Site-specific silencing of regulatory elements as a mechanism of X inactivation. Cell 151:951–963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.10.037

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Carrel L, Willard HF (2005) X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females. Nature 434:400–404. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03479

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar