Yeager KK, Agostini R, Nattiv A, Drinkwater B. The female athlete triad: disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(7):775–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Otis CL, Drinkwater B, Johnson M, Loucks A, Wilmore J. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(5):i–ix.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Carter S, Constantini N, Lebrun C, et al. The IOC consensus statement: beyond the female athlete triad-relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(7):491–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mountjoy MA, Bailey D, Burke L, Constantini N, Hackney AC, Heikura IA, et al. The International Olympic Committee’s consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs). Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(17):1073–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shanley D, Hassan A, Lunan E, Carmody S. Relative energy deficiency in sport: diagnosis and management in primary care. InnovAiT Educ Inspiration Gen Practice. 2023;16(5):229–35.

Article  Google Scholar 

LDN Physio. 2023 [cited 13 Dec 2023]. Available from https://www.ldnphysio.co.uk/reds-clinic. Accessed 13 Dec 2023

Axis Sports Medicine. 2023 cited. Available from https://www.axissportsmedicine.co.nz/services/red-s-clinic. Accessed 13 Dec 2023

Clinic G. Medical care for athletes with Eating disorders or RED-S. 2023. Available from https://www.gaudianiclinic.com/athletes. Accessed 13 Dec 2023

Grey B. Red-S: Pippa Woolven’s experience and awareness activism. 2023 [cited 13 Dec 2023]. Available from https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/64797365#:~:text=She%20knew%20something%20was%20wrong,consume%20through%20food%20and%20drink. Accessed 13 Dec 2023

Dooney E, Bozon J. 2023 [cited 13 Dec 2023]. Available from https://www.runnersworld.com/uk/health/a33589189/red-s-relative-energy-deficiency-running/. Accessed 13 Dec 2023

Carey E. Female athletes face crazy expectations. They can be overcome; 2023. Available from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/15/opinion/female-athletes-face-crazy-expectations-they-can-be-overcome.html. Accessed 13 Dec 2023

Sesbreno E, Blondin DP, Dziedzic C, Sygo J, Haman F, Leclerc S, et al. Signs of low energy availability in elite male volleyball athletes but no association with risk of bone stress injury and patellar tendinopathy. Eur J Sport Sci. 2023;23(10):2067–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Logue D, Madigan SM, Delahunt E, Heinen M, Mc Donnell SJ, Corish CA. Low energy availability in athletes: a review of prevalence, dietary patterns, physiological health, and sports performance. Sports Med. 2018;48(1):73–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Logue DM, Madigan SM, Melin A, Delahunt E, Heinen M, Donnell SM, et al. Low energy availability in athletes 2020: an updated narrative review of prevalence, risk, within-day energy balance, knowledge, and impact on sports performance. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):835.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Magee MK, Lockard BL, Zabriskie HA, Schaefer AQ, Luedke JA, Erickson JL, et al. Prevalence of low energy availability in collegiate women soccer athletes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2020;5(4):96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rogers MA, Appaneal RN, Hughes D, Vlahovich N, Waddington G, Burke LM, et al. Prevalence of impaired physiological function consistent with relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): an Australian elite and pre-elite cohort. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(1):38–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schaal K, VanLoan MD, Hausswirth C, Casazza GA. Decreased energy availability during training overload is associated with non-functional overreaching and suppressed ovarian function in female runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2021;46(10):1179–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith AB, Gay JL, Arent SM, Sarzynski MA, Emerson DM, Torres-McGehee TM. Examination of the prevalence of female athlete triad components among competitive cheerleaders. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(3):1375.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Souza MJ, Strock NCA, Ricker EA, Koltun KJ, Barrack M, Joy E, et al. The path towards progress: a critical review to advance the science of the female and male athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport. Sports Med. 2022;52(1):13–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loucks AB, Callister R. Induction and prevention of low-T3 syndrome in exercising women. Am J Physiol. 1993;264(5 Pt 2):R924–30.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loucks AB, Heath EM. Induction of low-T3 syndrome in exercising women occurs at a threshold of energy availability. Am J Physiol. 1994;266(3 Pt 2):R817–23.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loucks AB, Heath EM. Dietary restriction reduces luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency during waking hours and increases LH pulse amplitude during sleep in young menstruating women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78(4):910–5.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loucks AB, Verdun M, Heath EM. Low energy availability, not stress of exercise, alters LH pulsatility in exercising women. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1998;84(1):37–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nattiv A, Loucks AB, Manore MM, Sanborn CF, Sundgot-Borgen J, Warren MP, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(10):1867–82.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sundgot-Borgen J, Meyer NL, Lohman TG, Ackland TR, Maughan RJ, Stewart AD, et al. How to minimise the health risks to athletes who compete in weight-sensitive sports review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition, health and performance, under the auspices of the IOC medical commission. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(16):1012–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baum A. Eating disorders in the male athlete. Sports Med. 2006;36(1):1–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hackney AC. Effects of endurance exercise on the reproductive system of men: the “exercise-hypogonadal male condition.” J Endocrinol Invest. 2008;31(10):932–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen JK, Burke LM, Ackerman KE, Blauwet C, Constantini N, et al. IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(11):687–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burke LM, Ackerman KE, Heikura IA, Hackney AC, Stellingwerff T. Mapping the complexities of relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs): development of a physiological model by a subgroup of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus on REDs. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(17):1098–108.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Areta JL, Taylor HL, Koehler K. Low energy availability: history, definition and evidence of its endocrine, metabolic and physiological effects in prospective studies in females and males. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(1):1–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loucks AB, Thuma JR. Luteinizing hormone pulsatility is disrupted at a threshold of energy availability in regularly menstruating women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(1):297–311.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ihle R, Loucks AB. Dose–response relationships between energy availability and bone turnover in young exercising women. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(8):1231–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burke LM, Lundy B, Fahrenholtz IL, Melin AK. Pitfalls of conducting and interpreting estimates of energy availability in free-living athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018;28(4):350–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Capling L, Beck KL, Gifford JA, Slater G, Flood VM, O’Connor H. Validity of dietary assessment in athletes: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2017;9(12):1313.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hills AP, Mokhtar N, Byrne NM. Assessment of physical activity and energy expenditure: an overview of objective measures. Front Nutr. 2014;1:5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ackland TR, Lohman TG, Sundgot-Borgen J, Maughan RJ, Meyer NL, Stewart AD, et al. Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):227–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lieberman JL, De Souza MJ, Wagstaff DA, Williams NI. Menstrual disruption with exercise is not linked to an energy availability threshold. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(3):551–61.

Article