Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JC, James WP, Loria CM, Smith SC, International Diabetes Federation Task Force on E, Prevention, Hational Heart L, Blood I, American Heart A, World Heart F, International Atherosclerosis S, International Association for the Study of O (2009) Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120:1640–1645

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yki-Järvinen H (2014) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2:901–910

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Diehl AM, Brunt EM, Cusi K, Charlton M, Sanyal AJ, American Gastroenterological A, American Association for the Study of Liver D, American College of G (2012) The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and American College of Gastroenterology. Gastroenterology 142:1592–1609

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rector RS, Thyfault JP, Wei Y, Ibdah JA (2008) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the metabolic syndrome: an update. World J Gastroenterol 14:185–192

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, Henry A, Van Dongen C, Henry L (2023) The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology 77:1335–1347

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Boparai N, Liu YC, McCullough AJ (1999) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology 116:1413–1419

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mantovani A, Csermely A, Petracca G, Beatrice G, Corey KE, Simon TG, Byrne CD, Targher G (2021) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 6:903–913

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mantovani A, Petracca G, Beatrice G, Tilg H, Byrne CD, Targher G (2021) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of 501 022 adult individuals. Gut 70:962–969

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mantovani A, Petracca G, Beatrice G, Csermely A, Lonardo A, Schattenberg JM, Tilg H, Byrne CD, Targher G (2022) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident chronic kidney disease: an updated meta-analysis. Gut 71:156–162

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Zhang T, Zhang C, Tang F, Zhong N, Li H, Song X, Lin H, Liu Y, Xue F (2015) Identification of reciprocal causality between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome by a simplified Bayesian network in a Chinese population. BMJ Open 5:e008204

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wainwright P, Byrne CD (2016) Bidirectional relationships and disconnects between NAFLD and features of the metabolic syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 17:367

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Im HJ, Ahn YC, Wang JH, Lee MM, Son CG (2021) Systematic review on the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in South Korea. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 45:101526

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Contreras D, González-Rocha A, Clark P, Barquera S, Denova-Gutiérrez E (2023) Diagnostic accuracy of blood biomarkers and non-invasive scores for the diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Hepatol 28:100873

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mori K, Tanaka M, Higashiura Y, Hanawa N, Ohnishi H, Furuhashi M (2022) High fatty liver index is an independent predictor of ischemic heart disease during a 10-year period in a Japanese population. Hepatol Res 52:687–698

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pastori D, Sciacqua A, Marcucci R, Del Ben M, Baratta F, Violi F, Pignatelli P, group A-As (2021) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation. A prospective multicenter cohort study. Intern Emerg Med 16:2063–2068

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roh JH, Park JH, Lee H, Yoon YH, Kim M, Kim YG, Park GM, Lee JH, Seong IW (2020) Higher fatty liver index is associated with increased risk of new onset heart failure in healthy adults: a Nationwide Population-Based Study in Korea. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 20:204

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Song SO, Jung CH, Song YD, Park CY, Kwon HS, Cha BS, Park JY, Lee KU, Ko KS, Lee BW (2014) Background and data configuration process of a nationwide population-based study using the Korean National Health Insurance System. Diabetes Metab J 38:395–403

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim JH, Moon JS, Byun SJ, Lee JH, Kang DR, Sung KC, Kim JY, Huh JH (2020) Fatty liver index and development of cardiovascular disease in Koreans without pre-existing myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke: a large population-based study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 19:51

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Park J, Kim G, Kim H, Lee J, Lee YB, Jin SM, Hur KY, Kim JH (2021) The association of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis with heart failure and mortality. Cardiovasc Diabetol 20:197

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee YB, Han K, Kim B, Choi MS, Park J, Kim M, Jin SM, Hur KY, Kim G, Kim JH (2021) Risk of early mortality and cardiovascular disease according to the presence of recently diagnosed diabetes and requirement for insulin treatment: A Nationwide Study. J Diabetes Investig 12:1855–1863

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee HY, Yang PS, Kim TH, Uhm JS, Pak HN, Lee MH, Joung B (2017) Atrial fibrillation and the risk of myocardial infarction: a nation-wide propensity-matched study. Sci Rep 7:12716

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wild SH, Walker JJ, Morling JR, McAllister DA, Colhoun HM, Farran B, McGurnaghan S, McCrimmon R, Read SH, Sattar N, Byrne CD, Epid SDRN (2018) Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and mortality among people with Type 2 diabetes and alcoholic or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease hospital admission. Diabetes Care 41:341–347

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Rafiq N, Makhlouf H, Younoszai Z, Agrawal R, Goodman Z (2011) Pathologic criteria for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: interprotocol agreement and ability to predict liver-related mortality. Hepatology 53:1874–1882

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim MK, Han K, Kim HS, Park YM, Kwon HS, Yoon KH, Lee SH (2017) Cholesterol variability and the risk of mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke: a nationwide population-based study. Eur Heart J 38:3560–3566

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee SY, Park HS, Kim DJ, Han JH, Kim SM, Cho GJ, Kim DY, Kwon HS, Kim SR, Lee CB, Oh SJ, Park CY, Yoo HJ (2007) Appropriate waist circumference cutoff points for central obesity in Korean adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 75:72–80

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bedogni G, Bellentani S, Miglioli L, Masutti F, Passalacqua M, Castiglione A, Tiribelli C (2006) The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol 6:33

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang X, Xu M, Chen Y, Peng K, Huang Y, Wang P, Ding L, Lin L, Xu Y, Chen Y, Lu J, Wang W, Bi Y, Ning G (2015) Validation of the fatty liver index for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Medicine (Baltimore) 94:e1682

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harrison SA, Oliver D, Arnold HL, Gogia S, Neuschwander-Tetri BA (2008) Development and validation of a simple NAFLD clinical scoring system for identifying patients without advanced disease. Gut 57:1441–1447

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Younossi ZM, Otgonsuren M, Venkatesan C, Mishra A (2013) In patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolically abnormal individuals are at a higher risk for mortality while metabolically normal individuals are not. Metabolism 62:352–360

Article  CAS