(2020) Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet (London, England) 395(10225):709–733.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30045-3

Stevens PE, Levin A (2013) Evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2012 clinical practice guideline. Annals Intern Med 158(11):825–830. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00007

Article  Google Scholar 

Gallagher JC, Rosen CJ (2023) Vitamin D: 100 years of discoveries, yet controversy continues. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 11(5):362–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00060-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C et al (2006) Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science (New York, NY) 311(5768):1770–1773. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1123933

Article  Google Scholar 

Ismailova A, White JH (2022) Vitamin D, infections and immunity. Rev Endocrine Metabol dis 23(2):265–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-021-09679-5

Article  Google Scholar 

de la Guía-Galipienso F, Martínez-Ferran M, Vallecillo N, Lavie CJ, Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H (2021) Vitamin D and cardiovascular health. Clin Nutrit (Edinburgh, Scotland) 40(5):2946–2957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.025

Article  Google Scholar 

Yu Y, Cheng S, Huang H, Deng Y, Cai C, Gu M, Chen X, Niu H, Hua W (2023) Joint association of sedentary behavior and vitamin D status with mortality among cancer survivors. BMC Med 21(1):411. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-03118-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chowdhury R, Kunutsor S, Vitezova A, Oliver-Williams C, Chowdhury S, Kiefte-de-Jong JC, Khan H, Baena CP, Prabhakaran D, Hoshen MB et al (2014) Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 348:g1903. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1903

Article  Google Scholar 

Hahn J, Cook NR, Alexander EK, Friedman S, Walter J, Bubes V, Kotler G, Lee IM, Manson JE, Costenbader KH (2022) Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled trial. BMJ (Clin Res) 376:e066452. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-066452

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang YP, Wan YD, Sun TW, Kan QC, Wang LX (2014) Association between vitamin D deficiency and mortality in critically ill adult patients: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Critic Care (London, England) 18(6):684. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0684-9

Article  Google Scholar 

Bi WG, Nuyt AM, Weiler H, Leduc L, Santamaria C, Wei SQ (2018) Association between vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and offspring growth, morbidity, and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics 172(7):635–645. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0302

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anderson PH, O’Loughlin PD, May BK, Morris HA (2004) Determinants of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels: the role of renal synthesis and catabolism of vitamin D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89–90(1–5):111–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.089

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

KDIGO (2017) Clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl 7(1):1–59.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kisu.2017.04.001

Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Friedl C, Amrein K, Drechsler C, Ritz E, Boehm BO, Grammer TB, März W (2011) Vitamin D status and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dialysis Transplant 26(11):3603–3609. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfr076

Article  Google Scholar 

Duranton F, Rodriguez-Ortiz ME, Duny Y, Rodriguez M, Daurès JP, Argilés A (2013) Vitamin D treatment and mortality in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Nephrol 37(3):239–248. https://doi.org/10.1159/000346846

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li R, Li Y, Fan Z, Liu Z, Lin J, He M (2023) L-shaped association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in older people with chronic kidney disease: results from the NHANES database prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 23(1):1260. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16165-x

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reimer KC, Nadal J, Meiselbach H, Schmid M, Schultheiss UT, Kotsis F, Stockmann H, Friedrich N, Nauck M, Krane V et al (2023) Association of mineral and bone biomarkers with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) cohort. Bone Res 11(1):52. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41413-023-00291-8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

KDIGO (2021) Clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases. Kidney Int 100(4s):S1–s276.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2021.05.021

Delgado C, Baweja M, Crews DC, Eneanya ND, Gadegbeku CA, Inker LA, Mendu ML, Miller WG, Moxey-Mims MM, Roberts GV et al (2022) A unifying approach for GFR estimation: recommendations of the NKF-ASN task force on reassessing the inclusion of race in diagnosing kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 79(2):268-288.e261. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.08.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM (2011) Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 96(7):1911–1930. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0385

Article  Google Scholar 

Holick MF (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 357(3):266–281. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mauvais-Jarvis F, Bairey Merz N, Barnes PJ, Brinton RD, Carrero JJ, DeMeo DL, De Vries GJ, Epperson CN, Govindan R, Klein SL et al (2020) Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine. Lancet (London, England) 396(10250):565–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31561-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang P, Mai Y, Zhao J, Yi Y, Wen Y (2024) Association of systemic immune-inflammation index and systemic inflammation response index with chronic kidney disease: observational study of 40,937 adults. Inflamm res 73(4):655–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-024-01861-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ko DT, Alter DA, Guo H, Koh M, Lau G, Austin PC, Booth GL, Hogg W, Jackevicius CA, Lee DS et al (2016) High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cause-specific mortality in individuals without previous cardiovascular conditions: the CANHEART Study. J Am College Cardiol 68(19):2073–2083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.08.038

Article  Google Scholar 

Magliano DJ, Sacre JW, Harding JL, Gregg EW, Zimmet PZ, Shaw JE (2020) Young-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus - implications for morbidity and mortality. Nat Rev Endocrinol 16(6):321–331. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-020-0334-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A (2021) Cancer Statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 71(1):7–33. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21654

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao D, Liu J, Wang M, Zhang X, Zhou M (2019) Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in China: current features and implications. Nature Rev Cardiol 16(4):203–212. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-018-0119-4

Article  Google Scholar 

Arnson Y, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y (2007) Vitamin D and autoimmunity: new aetiological and therapeutic considerations. Annals Rheum Dis 66(9):1137–1142. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.069831

Article  Google Scholar 

Merke J, Milde P, Lewicka S, Hügel U, Klaus G, Mangelsdorf DJ, Haussler MR, Rauterberg EW (1989) Ritz E (1989) Identification and regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor activity and biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Studies in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells and human dermal capillaries. J Clin Investig 83(6):1903–1915. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci114097

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jeon SM, Shin EA (2018) Exploring vitamin D metabolism and function in cancer. Experim Mol Med 50(4):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-018-0038-9

Article  Google Scholar 

Hyppönen E, Berry DJ, Wjst M, Power C (2009) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and IgE - a significant but nonlinear relationship. Allergy 64(4):613–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01865.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen NX, O’Neill KD, Duan D, Moe SM (2002) Phosphorus and uremic serum up-regulate osteopontin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Kidney Int 62(5):1724–1731. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00625.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Honye J, Mahon DJ, Jain A, White CJ, Ramee SR, Wallis JB, al-Zarka A, Tobis JM (1992) Morphological effects of coronary balloon angioplasty in vivo assessed by intravascular ultrasound imaging. Circulation 85(3):1012–1025. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.85.3.1012

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang AR, Anderson C (2017) Dietary phosphorus intake and the kidney. Annual Rev Nutrit 37:321–346.