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Microbial natural products represent an important reservoir for drug discovery and along with their (semi)synthetic derivatives, constitute a major component of the contemporary pharmaceutical arsenal. Their thusly validated utility is juxtaposed against the barriers to natural product discovery; high rediscovery rates, reliance on largely serendipitous response in bioactivity assays, and the resources and expertise required for their structure determination being the primary impediments . With this background, accessing biological sources that have not yet been extensively mined for natural product discovery is a promising route, one which, at the very least, promises to ameliorate the problem of continued rediscovery of known natural products. This review outlines the recent progress that has been realized using bacteria of the genus Microbulbifer. Together with the emerging field of natural product discovery from Microbulbifer bacteria, this genus of obligate marine bacteria is well validated to be a valuable source of biopolymer degrading enzymes. In this review, we outline the discovery of Microbulbifer enzymes that have substantial biocatalytic potential as it pertains to biopolymer degradation, followed by a description of natural product discovery from this genus.
Microbulbifer is a genus of rod-shaped, aerobic Gram-negative Alteromonadaceae family γ-proteobacteria. They are halophilic obligate marine bacteria that are frequently isolated from diverse marine holobionts such as sponges , sediments , algae , and corals using media that mimic the native salt water habitat. Strains of this genus are detected together with Pseudovibrio and Ruegeria strains that grow in identical culture conditions, and hence obtaining axenic Microbulbifer strains may require repeated rounds of serial enrichment. This genus was first described by Gonzales et al. in 1997 . More than 130 strains have been reported from regions of wide geographical dispersion (Table 1, Figure 1). Microbulbifer bacteria are well known for their capacity to degrade not only a wide variety of polysaccharides including cellulose, agar, chitin, alginate, and xylan , but also plastics . Progressing from their isolation and cultivation, natural product discovery from Microbulbifer bacteria is starting to gather steam . The major classes of natural products isolated from Microbulbifer to date include alkaloids , fatty acid and polyketides , and non-ribosomally synthesized peptides . These findings validate the potential for secondary metabolite discovery from Microbulbifer genus. This review will cover the distributions and origins of Microbulbifer bacteria strains, degradation enzymes, and secondary metabolite discoveries. A focus is placed on the novel chemical structures reported with reference to their biological activities and the biosynthetic studies they have inspired.
Table 1: Summary of marine sources, geographical locations, and key characteristics of Microbulbifer strains reported in literature.
Origin Location Key characteristics References 1 Microbulbifer hydrolyticus gen. nov. marine pulp mill USA produces hydrolytic enzymes,
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