Iung B, Delgado V, Rosenhek R, Price S, Prendergast B, Wendler O, De Bonis M, Tribouilloy C, Evangelista A, Bogachev-Prokophiev A et al (2019) Contemporary presentation and management of valvular heart disease: the EURObservational Research Programme Valvular Heart Disease II Survey. Circulation 140:1156–1169. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.119.041080

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aluru JS, Barsouk A, Saginala K, Rawla P, Barsouk A (2022) Valvular heart disease epidemiology. Med Sci (Basel) 10:32. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci10020032

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, Milojevic M, Baldus S, Bauersachs J, Capodanno D, Conradi L, De Bonis M, De Paulis R et al (2022) 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J 43:561–632. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Makkar RR, Fontana G, Jilaihawi H, Chakravarty T, Kofoed KF, De Backer O, Asch FM, Ruiz CE, Olsen NT, Trento A et al (2015) Possible subclinical leaflet thrombosis in bioprosthetic aortic valves. N Engl J Med 373:2015–2024. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1509233

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yanagisawa R, Tanaka M, Yashima F, Arai T, Jinzaki M, Shimizu H, Fukuda K, Watanabe Y, Naganuma T, Higashimori A et al (2019) Early and late leaflet thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 12:e007349. https://doi.org/10.1161/circinterventions.118.007349

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bogyi M, Schernthaner RE, Loewe C, Gager GM, Dizdarevic AM, Kronberger C, Postula M, Legutko J, Velagapudi P, Hengstenberg C et al (2021) Subclinical leaflet thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 14:2643–2656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2021.09.019

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhogal S, Waksman R, Gordon P, Ehsan A, Wilson SR, Levitt R, Parikh P, Bilfinger T, Hanna N, Buchbinder M et al (2023) Subclinical leaflet thrombosis and antithrombotic therapy post-TAVI: an LRT substudy. Int J Cardiol 371:305–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.10.134

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Granger C, Guedeney P, Collet JP (2022) Antithrombotic therapy following transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Clin Med 11:2190. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11082190

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tian Z, Li T, Ma S (2020) Impact of leaflet thrombosis on hemodynamics and clinical outcomes after bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement: a meta-analysis. Clin Cardiol 43:468–474. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23331

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pieniak K, Jędrzejczyk S, Domaszk O, Grodecki K, Rymuza B, Huczek Z, Kochman J, Filipiak KJ, Gąsecka A (2020) Predictors and biomarkers of subclinical leaflet thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Clin Med 9:3742. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113742

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rosseel L, De Backer O, Søndergaard L (2018) Clinical valve thrombosis and subclinical leaflet thrombosis in transcatheter aortic heart valves: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Precis Clin Med 1:111–117. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pby016

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bodó I, Eikenboom J, Montgomery R, Patzke J, Schneppenheim R, Di Paola J (2015) Platelet-dependent von Willebrand factor activity. Nomenclature and methodology: communication from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 13:1345–1350. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.12964

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stufano F, Baronciani L, Pagliari MT, Franchi F, Cozzi G, Garcia-Oya I, Bucciarelli P, Boscarino M, Peyvandi F (2015) Evaluation of an heterogeneous group of patients with von Willebrand disease using an assay alternative to ristocetin induced platelet agglutination. J Thromb Haemost 13:1806–1814. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.13062

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahat M, Abdullah WZ, Hussin CM (2014) Conventional rapid latex agglutination in estimation of von Willebrand factor: method revisited and potential clinical applications. J Immunol Res 2014:850810. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/850810

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van der Poll T, Büller HR, ten Cate H, Wortel CH, Bauer KA, van Deventer SJ, Hack CE, Sauerwein HP, Rosenberg RD, ten Cate JW (1990) Activation of coagulation after administration of tumor necrosis factor to normal subjects. N Engl J Med 322:1622–1627. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199006073222302

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hillyard CJ, Blake AS, Wilson K, Rylatt DB, Miles S, Bunch R, Elms MJ, Barnes A, Bundesen PG (1987) A latex agglutination assay for D dimer: evaluation and application to the diagnosis of thrombotic disease. Clin Chem 33:1837–1840

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siller-Matula JM, Plasenzotti R, Spiel A, Quehenberger P, Jilma B (2008) Interspecies differences in coagulation profile. Thromb Haemost 100:397–404

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mandrekar JN (2010) Receiver operating characteristic curve in diagnostic test assessment. J Thorac Oncol 5:1315–1316. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jose J, Sulimov DS, El-Mawardy M, Sato T, Allali A, Holy EW, Becker B, Landt M, Kebernik J, Schwarz B et al (2017) Clinical bioprosthetic heart valve thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: incidence, characteristics, and treatment outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 10:686–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2017.01.045

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chakravarty T, Søndergaard L, Friedman J, De Backer O, Berman D, Kofoed KF, Jilaihawi H, Shiota T, Abramowitz Y, Jørgensen TH et al (2017) Subclinical leaflet thrombosis in surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves: an observational study. Lancet 389:2383–2392. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30757-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yanagisawa R, Hayashida K, Yamada Y, Tanaka M, Yashima F, Inohara T, Arai T, Kawakami T, Maekawa Y, Tsuruta H et al (2016) Incidence, predictors, and mid-term outcomes of possible leaflet thrombosis after TAVR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.11.005

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hansson NC, Grove EL, Andersen HR, Leipsic J, Mathiassen ON, Jensen JM, Jensen KT, Blanke P, Leetmaa T, Tang M et al (2016) Transcatheter aortic valve thrombosis: incidence, predisposing factors, and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 68:2059–2069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.08.010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D’Ascenzo F, Salizzoni S, Saglietto A, Cortese M, Latib A, Franzone A, Barbanti M, Nietlispach F, Holy EW, Burriesci G et al (2019) Incidence, predictors and cerebrovascular consequences of leaflet thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 56:488–494. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezz099

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khan JM, Rogers T, Waksman R, Torguson R, Weissman G, Medvedofsky D, Craig PE, Zhang C, Gordon P, Ehsan A et al (2019) Hemodynamics and subclinical leaflet thrombosis in low-risk patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 12:e009608. https://doi.org/10.1161/circimaging.119.009608

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruile P, Minners J, Breitbart P, Schoechlin S, Gick M, Pache G, Neumann FJ, Hein M (2018) Medium-term follow-up of early leaflet thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 11:1164–1171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2018.04.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Backer O, Dangas GD, Jilaihawi H, Leipsic JA, Terkelsen CJ, Makkar R, Kini AS, Veien KT, Abdel-Wahab M, Kim WK et al (2020) Reduced leaflet motion after transcatheter aortic-valve replacement. N Engl J Med 382:130–139. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911426

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dangas GD, Tijssen JGP, Wöhrle J, Søndergaard L, Gilard M, Möllmann H, Makkar RR, Herrmann HC, Giustino G, Baldus S et al (2020) A controlled trial of rivaroxaban after transcatheter aortic-valve replacement. N Engl J Med 382:120–129. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911425

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martín M, Cuevas J, Cigarrán H, Calvo J, Morís C (2021) Transcatheter aortic valve implantation and subclinical and clinical leaflet thrombosis: multimodality imaging for diagnosis and risk stratification. Eur Cardiol 16:e35. https://doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2021.09