Atkinson, M. A., Eisenbarth, G. S. & Michels, A. W. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet 383, 69–82 (2014).
Roep, B. O. The role of T-cells in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: from cause to cure. Diabetologia 46, 305–321 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pociot, F. & Lernmark, Å. Genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes. Lancet 387, 2331–2339 (2016).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Moltchanova, E. V., Schreier, N., Lammi, N. & Karvonen, M. Seasonal variation of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children worldwide. Diabet. Med. 26, 673–678 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Patterson, C. et al. Seasonal variation in month of diagnosis in children with type 1 diabetes registered in 23 European centers during 1989–2008: little short-term influence of sunshine hours or average temperature. Pediatr. Diabetes 16, 573–580 (2015).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Söderström, U., Aman, J. & Hjern, A. Being born in Sweden increases the risk for type 1 diabetes — a study of migration of children to Sweden as a natural experiment. Acta Paediatr. 101, 73–77 (2012).
Wang, Z., Xie, Z., Lu, Q., Chang, C. & Zhou, Z. Beyond genetics: what causes type 1 diabetes. Clin. Rev. Allerg. Immunol. 52, 273–286 (2017).
Olmos, P. et al. The significance of the concordance rate for type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes in identical twins. Diabetologia 31, 747–750 (1988).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Peng, H. & Hagopian, W. Environmental factors in the development of type 1 diabetes. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 7, 149–162 (2007).
Patelarou, E. et al. Current evidence on the associations of breastfeeding, infant formula, and cow’s milk introduction with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Nutr. Rev. 70, 509–519 (2012).
Stene, L. C. & Gale, E. A. M. The prenatal environment and type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 56, 1888–1897 (2013).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
van der Werf, N., Kroese, F. G. M., Rozing, J. & Hillebrands, J.-L. Viral infections as potential triggers of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 23, 169–183 (2007).
Nekoua, M. P., Alidjinou, E. K. & Hober, D. Persistent coxsackievirus B infection and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 18, 503–516 (2022). This Review highlights evidence that persistent Coxsackievirus B infection triggers or accelerates islet autoimmunity and T1DM in susceptible individuals.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Soltesz, G., Patterson, C. & Dahlquist, G.; EURODIAB Study Group. Worldwide childhood type 1 diabetes incidence — what can we learn from epidemiology? Pediatr. Diabetes 8, 6–14 (2007).
Hober, D. & Sauter, P. Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus: interplay between enterovirus and host. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 6, 279–289 (2010). The interplay between enterovirus infection with β-cells, the immune system and host genes in the pathogenesis of T1DM is discussed.
Lönnrot, M. et al. Respiratory infections are temporally associated with initiation of type 1 diabetes autoimmunity: the TEDDY study. Diabetologia 60, 1931–1940 (2017). A prospective study of 8,676 newborn babies reporting that viral respiratory infections are associated with an increased risk of islet autoimmunity.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rasmussen, T., Witsø, E., Tapia, G., Stene, L. C. & Rønningen, K. S. Self-reported lower respiratory tract infections and development of islet autoimmunity in children with the type 1 diabetes high-risk HLA genotype: the MIDIA study. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 27, 834–837 (2011).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Beyerlein, A., Wehweck, F., Ziegler, A.-G. & Pflueger, M. Respiratory infections in early life and the development of islet autoimmunity in children at increased type 1 diabetes risk: evidence from the BABYDIET study. JAMA Pediatr. 167, 800–807 (2013).
Mustonen, N. et al. Early childhood infections precede development of beta-cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children with HLA-conferred disease risk. Pediatr. Diabetes 19, 293–299 (2018).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lee, H.-Y., Lu, C.-L., Chen, H.-F., Su, H.-F. & Li, C.-Y. Perinatal and childhood risk factors for early-onset type 1 diabetes: a population-based case-control study in Taiwan. Eur. J. Public Health 25, 1024–1029 (2015).
Ruiz, P. L. D. et al. Pandemic influenza and subsequent risk of type 1 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study. Diabetologia 61, 1996–2004 (2018).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kordonouri, O. et al. Infections in the first year of life and development of beta cell autoimmunity and clinical type 1 diabetes in high-risk individuals: the TRIGR cohort. Diabetologia 65, 2098–2107 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Beyerlein, A., Donnachie, E., Jergens, S. & Ziegler, A.-G. Infections in early life and development of type 1 diabetes. JAMA 315, 1899–1901 (2016).
Wu, R. et al. Respiratory infections and type 1 diabetes: potential roles in pathogenesis. Rev. Med. Virol. 33, e2429 (2023).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ho, D. et al. Identifying the lungs as a susceptible site for allele-specific regulatory changes associated with type 1 diabetes risk. Commun. Biol. 4, 1072 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim, D. et al. The architecture of SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome. Cell 181, 914–921 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Liu, Y.-C., Kuo, R.-L. & Shih, S.-R. COVID-19: the first documented coronavirus pandemic in history. Biomed. J. 43, 328–333 (2020).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Liu, J. et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell tropism and multiorgan infection. Cell Discov. 7, 17 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Unsworth, R. et al. New-onset type 1 diabetes in children during COVID-19: multicenter regional findings in the U.K. Diabetes Care 43, e170–e171 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kamrath, C. et al. Incidence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: results from the DPV registry. Diabetes Care 45, 1762–1771 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gesuita, R. et al. Trends and cyclic variation in the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in two Italian regions over 33 years and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 25, 1698–1703 (2023).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rabbone, I. et al. Has COVID-19 delayed the diagnosis and worsened the presentation of type 1 diabetes in children? Diabetes Care 43, 2870–2872 (2020).
留言 (0)