Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A et al (2021) Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 71(3):209–249

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ali I, Wani WA, Saleem K (2010) Cancer scenario in India with future perspectives. Cancer Ther 8:56–70

Google Scholar 

Masoud V, Pagès G (2017) Targeted therapies in breast cancer: new challenges to fight against resistance. J Clin Oncol 8(2):120–134

Google Scholar 

Vinay DS, Ryan EP, Pawelec G, Talib WH, Stagg J, Elkord E et al (2015) Immune evasion in cancer: mechanistic basis and therapeutic strategies. Semin Cancer Biol 35(Suppl):S185–S198

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seidel JA, Otsuka A, Kabashima K (2018) Anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapies in cancer: mechanisms of action, efficacy, and limitations. Front Oncol 8:86

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tivol EA, Borriello F, Schweitzer AN, Lynch WP, Bluestone JA, Sharpe AH (1995) Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4. Immunity 3(5):541–547

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jain N, Nguyen H, Chambers C, Kang J (2010) Dual function of CTLA-4 in regulatory T cells and conventional T cells to prevent multiorgan autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(4):1524–1528

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krummel MF, Allison JP (1996) CTLA-4 engagement inhibits IL-2 accumulation and cell cycle progression upon activation of resting T cells. J Exp Med 183(6):2533–2540

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Issazadeh S, Zhang M, Sayegh MH, Khoury SJ (1999) Acquired thymic tolerance: role of CTLA4 in the initiation and maintenance of tolerance in a clinically relevant autoimmune disease model. J Immunol 162(2):761–765

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smyth MJ, Godfrey DI, Trapani JA (2001) A fresh look at tumor immunosurveillance and immunotherapy. Nat Immunol [Internet] 2(4):293–299

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang XF, Pan K, Weng DS, Chen CL, Wang QJ, Zhao JJ et al (2016) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 expression in esophageal carcinoma: implications for prognosis. Oncotarget 7(18):26670–26679

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu H, Yang J, Jiao S, Li Y, Zhang W, Wang J (2015) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 expression in human breast cancer: implications for prognosis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 64(7):853–860

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Domagala-Kulawik J, Osinska I, Hoser G (2014) Mechanisms of immune response regulation in lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 3(1):15

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bouwhuis MG, Gast A, Figl A, Eggermont AMM, Hemminki K, Schadendorf D et al (2010) Polymorphisms in the CD28/CTLA4/ICOS genes: role in malignant melanoma susceptibility and prognosis? Cancer Immunol Immunother 59(2):303

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rotte A (2019) Combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockers for treatment of cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 38(1):1–12

Article  Google Scholar 

Freeman GJ, Long AJ, Iwai Y, Bourque K, Chernova T, Nishimura H et al (2000) Engagement of the PD-1 immunoinhibitory receptor by a novel B7 family member leads to negative regulation of lymphocyte activation. J Exp Med 192(7):1027–1034

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dong H, Strome SE, Salomao DR, Tamura H, Hirano F, Flies DB et al (2002) Tumor-associated B7–H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nat Med 8(8):793–800

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Du S, McCall N, Park K, Guan Q, Fontina P, Ertel A, et al. Blockade of tumor-expressed PD-1 promotes lung cancer growth. Oncoimmunology [Internet]. 2018 Apr 3 [cited 2022 Jul 3];7(4). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29632720/

He R, Ding W, Viswanatha DS, Chen D, Shi M, Van Dyke D et al (2018) PD-1 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) and large B-cell Richter transformation (DLBCL-RT): a characteristic feature of DLBCL-RT and potential surrogate marker for clonal relatedness. Am J Surg Pathol 42(7):843–854

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yao H, Wang H, Li C, Fang JY, Xu J (2018) Cancer cell-intrinsic PD-1 and implications in combinatorial immunotherapy. Front Immunol 9:1774

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akinleye A, Rasool Z (2019) Immune checkpoint inhibitors of PD-L1 as cancer therapeutics. J Hematol Oncol 12(1):1–13

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mao H, Zhang L, Yang Y, Zuo W, Bi Y, Gao W et al (2010) New insights of CTLA-4 into its biological function in breast cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 10(7):728–736

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Navarrete-Bernal MGC, Cervantes-Badillo MG, Martínez-Herrera JF, Lara-Torres CO, Gerson-Cwilich R, Zentella-Dehesa A et al (2020) Biological landscape of triple negative breast cancers expressing CTLA-4. Front Oncol. 10:1206

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim A, Kim JY, Lee SJ (2020) Abstract P5–04–26: Expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is associated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) levelin HER2-positive breast cancers. Cancer Res 80(4):P5-04–26

Article  Google Scholar 

Sabatier R, Finetti P, Mamessier E, Adelaide J, Chaffanet M, Ali HR et al (2015) Prognostic and predictive value of PDL1 expression in breast cancer. Oncotarget 6(7):5449–5464

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghebeh H, Mohammed S, Al-Omair A, Qattan A, Lehe C, Al-Qudaihi G et al (2006) The B7–H1 (PD-L1)T lymphocyte-inhibitory molecule is expressed in breast cancer patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma: correlation with important high-risk prognostic factors. Neoplasia 8(3):190

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mittendorf EA, Philips AV, Meric-Bernstam F, Qiao N, Wu Y, Harrington S et al (2014) PD-L1 expression in triple negative breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2(4):361

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peng Z, Su P, Yang Y, Yao X, Zhang Y, Jin F, Yang B (2020) Identification of CTLA-4 associated with tumor microenvironment and competing interactions in triple negative breast cancer by co-expression network analysis. J Cancer 11(21):6365

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Planes-Laine G, Rochigneux P, Bertucci F, Chrétien AS, Viens P, Sabatier R, Gonçalves A (2019) PD-1/PD-L1 targeting in breast cancer: the first clinical evidences are emerging—a literature review. Cancers 11(7):1033

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar