Subclinical Atherosclerosis to Guide Treatment in Dyslipidemia and Diabetes Mellitus

Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2022 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022;145(8):e153–639. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001052.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gu J, Sanchez R, Chauhan A, Fazio S, Wong N. Lipid treatment status and goal attainment among patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the United States: a 2019 update. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2022;10:100336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100336.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tönnies T, Brinks R, Isom S, Dabelea D, Divers J, Mayer-Davis EJ, Lawrence JM, Pihoker C, Dolan L, Liese AD, Saydah SH, D'Agostino RB, Hoyer A, Imperatore G. Projections of type 1 and type 2 diabetes burden in the U.S. population aged <20 years through 2060: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(2):313–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mszar R, Gopal DJ, Chowdary R, et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in screening for and awareness of high cholesterol among pregnant women receiving prenatal care. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(1):e017415. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.017415.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haw JS, Shah M, Turbow S, Egeolu M, Umpierrez G. Diabetes complications in racial and ethnic minority populations in the USA. Curr Diab Rep. 2021;21(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-020-01369-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aggarwal R, Bhatt DL, Rodriguez F, Yeh RW, Wadhera RK. Trends in lipid concentrations and lipid control among US adults, 2007-2018. JAMA. 2022;328(8):737–45. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.12567.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report website. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html. Accessed December 16, 2023.

Aggarwal R, Yeh RW, Joynt Maddox KE, Wadhera RK. Cardiovascular risk factor prevalence, treatment, and control in US adults aged 20 to 44 years, 2009 to March 2020. JAMA. 2023;329(11):899–909.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blaha MJ, Abdelhamid M, Santilli F, Shi Z, Sibbing D. Advanced subclinical atherosclerosis: a novel category within the cardiovascular risk continuum with distinct treatment implications. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2023;13:100456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100456.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blaha MJ. Personalizing treatment: between primary and secondary prevention. Am J Cardiol. 2016;118(6 Suppl):4A–12A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.05.026.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mortensen MB, Falk E, Li D, et al. Statin trials, cardiovascular events, and coronary artery calcification: implications for a trial-based approach to statin therapy in MESA. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2018;11(2 Pt 1):221–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.01.029.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sarwar A, Shaw LJ, Shapiro MD, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of absence of coronary artery calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2009;2(6):675–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.12.031.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mendieta G, Pocock S, Mass V, et al. Determinants of progression and regression of subclinical atherosclerosis over 6 years. J Am Coll Cardiol. Nov 28 2023;82(22):2069-2083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.09.814

•• Orringer CE, Blaha MJ, Blankstein R, et al. The National Lipid Association scientific statement on coronary artery calcium scoring to guide preventive strategies for ASCVD risk reduction. J Clin Lipidol. 2021;15(1):33–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2020.12.005. This scientific statement provides key information and recommendations on the use of CAC scoring in clinical practice for specific subgroups of individuals including those with severe hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. Jun 18 2019;139:e1082–143. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dzaye O, Dardari ZA, Cainzos-Achirica M, et al. Warranty period of a calcium score of zero: comprehensive analysis from MESA. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14(5):990–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.06.048.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Osei AD, Mirbolouk M, Berman D, et al. Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium score, area, and density among individuals on statin therapy vs. non-users: the coronary artery calcium consortium. Atherosclerosis. 2021;316:79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.10.009.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, et al. ACC Expert consensus decision pathway on the role of nonstatin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(14):1366–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.07.006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dzaye O, Razavi AC, Michos ED, et al. Coronary artery calcium scores indicating secondary prevention level risk: findings from the CAC consortium and FOURIER trial. Atherosclerosis. 2022;347:70–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.02.006.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peng AW, Dardari ZA, Blumenthal RS, et al. Very high coronary artery calcium (>/=1000) and association with cardiovascular disease events, non-cardiovascular disease outcomes, and mortality: results from MESA. Circulation. 2021;143(16):1571–83. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050545.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peng AW, Mirbolouk M, Orimoloye OA, et al. Long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality in asymptomatic patients with CAC >/=1,000: results from the CAC consortium. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(1 Pt 1):83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.02.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Humphries SE, et al. Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:3478–90a. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht273.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gidding SS, Champagne MA, de Ferranti SD, et al. The agenda for familial hypercholesterolemia: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;132(22):2167–92. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000297.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilemon KA, Patel J, Aguilar-Salinas C, et al. Reducing the clinical and public health burden of familial hypercholesterolemia. JAMA Cardiology. 2020;5:217–29. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.5173.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McGowan MP, Hosseini Dehkordi SH, Moriarty PM, Duell PB. Diagnosis and treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e013225. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.013225.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goldberg AC, Hopkins PN, Toth PP, et al. Familial hypercholesterolemia: screening, diagnosis and management of pediatric and adult patients: clinical guidance from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5:S1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2011.04.003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mszar R, Nasir K, Santos RD. Coronary artery calcification in familial hypercholesterolemia: an opportunity for risk assessment and shared decision making with the power of zero? Circulation. 2020;142(15):1405–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049057.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gallo A, Mszar R, Miname MH. Updates on the use of subclinical atherosclerosis to predict risk of cardiovascular events in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2022;24(6):407–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-022-01017-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mszar R, Grandhi GR, Valero-Elizondo J, et al. Absence of coronary artery calcification in middle aged familial hypercholesterolemia patients without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. Nov 11 2020;13:1090–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.11.001.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nasir K, Mszar R, Cainzos-Achirica M, et al. Age- and sex-based heterogeneity in coronary artery plaque presence and burden in familial hypercholesterolemia: a multi-national study. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2024;17:100611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2023.100611.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gallo A, Perez de Isla L, Charriere S, et al. The added value of coronary calcium score in predicting cardiovascular events in familial hypercholesterolemia. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14(12):2414–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.06.011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miname MH, Bittencourt MS, Moraes SR, et al. Coronary artery calcium and cardiovascular events in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia receiving standard lipid-lowering therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2019;12:1797–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.09.019.

Article  Google Scholar 

. Tada H, Kojima N, Yamagami K, et al. Coronary artery calcium among patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Eur Heart J Open. 2023;3(3):oead046. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjopen/oead046. This study provided further evidence that CAC is an independent predictor of CVD events among individuals with heterozygous FH and, as a result, leads to significant improvements in risk stratification.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Santos RD, Shapiro MD. Coronary artery calcification and risk stratification in familial hypercholesterolemia: moving forward but not there yet. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14(12):2425–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.06.013.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ibrahim S, Reeskamp LF, de Goeij JN, et al. Beyond early LDL cholesterol lowering to prevent coronary atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia. Eur. J Prev Cardiol. 2024:zwae028. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwae028.

Khera AV, Won HH, Peloso GM, et al. Diagnostic yield and clinical utility of sequencing familial hypercholesterolemia genes in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(22):2578–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.520.

Article  CAS  PubMed 

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif